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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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embryonic origin of microglia
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mesoderm
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embryonic origin of astrocytes & oligodendrocytes
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neuroectoderm
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sensed by Meissner's corpuscles
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position sense and fine touch
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sensed by Pacinian corpuscles
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vibration and pressure
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sensed by Meckel's discs
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position sense and static touch
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secreted by the locus ceruleus
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NE
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secreted by the Raphe nucleus
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5-HT
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secreted by the nucleus accumbens
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GABA
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secreted by the ventral tegmentum
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dopamine
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secreted by the basal nucleus of Maynert
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ACh
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hypothalamic nucleus that secretes ADH
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supraoptic nucleus
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hypothalamic nucleus that secretes oxytocin
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paraventricular nucleus
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part of hypothalamus responsible for hunger
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lateral area
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part of hypothalamus responsible for satiety
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ventromedial area
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stimulated by leptin
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ventromedial area (signals satiety)
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inhibited by leptin
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lateral area (inhibits hunger)
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part of hypothalamus responsible for circadian rhythm
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suprachiasmatic nucleus
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part of hypothalamus responsible for cooling
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anterior (parasympathetic)
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part of hypothalamus responsible for heating
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posterior (sympathetic)
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ventral posterolateral thalamus (VPL)
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somatic sensory
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ventral posteromedial thalamus (VPM)
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face sensation and taste
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lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus (LGN)
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vision
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medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus (MGN)
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hearing
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provides cortical input to cerebellum
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middle cerebellar peduncle
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provides proprioceptive input to cerebellum
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inferior cerebellar peduncle
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carries output from cerebellum to cortex
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superior cerebellar peduncle
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degenerated in Huntington's
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striatum (=caudate + putamen)
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lost in hemiballismus
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contralateral subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia
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what happens if you lesion your paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
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eyes look away from lesion
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what happens if you lesion your frontal eye fields
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eyes look toward lesion
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characterized by acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, and possibly loss of conciousness
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central pontine (osmotic) myelinolysis
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connects the two anterior cerebral arteries
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anterior communicating artery
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connects the middle cerebral arteries to the posterior cerebral arteries
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posterior communicating arteries
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anterior inferior cerebellar artery is a branch of the...
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basilar artery
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posterior inferior cerebellar artery is a branch of the...
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vertebral artery
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stroke causes receptive aphasia
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middle cerebral artery (Wernicke's area)
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stroke causes expressive aphasia
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middle cerebral artery (Broca's area)
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stroke causes loss of sensation and motor control of upper limb and face
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middle cerebral artery
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stroke causes loss of motor control and sensation to lower limb
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anterior cerebral artery
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artery lesioned in a lacunar stroke
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lateral striate artery
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stroke causes contralateral lower limb paralysis, decreased contralateral proprioception, and tongue deviation ipsilaterally
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anterior spinal artery stroke
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stroke damages the lateral corticospinal tract, the medial lemniscus, and the caudal medulla
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anterior spinal artery stroke
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stroke damages CNs V, VIII, IX, X
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posterior inferior cerebellar artery
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stroke damages CNs V, VII, VIII
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anterior inferior cerebellar artery
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stroke damages occipital cortex (vision)
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posterior cerebral artery
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saccular aneurysm of anterior communicating artery
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visual field defects (impingement on CNII)
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saccular aneurysm of posterior communicating artery
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ipsilateral CNIII palsy
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connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle
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interventricular foramen of Monro
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connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle
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cerebral aqueduct
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drain the 4th ventricle into the subarachnoid space
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foramen of Magendie (medial), foramina of Luschka (lateral)
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spinal nerves C1-C7 exit (above/below) the corresponding vertebrae
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above
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spinal nerve C8 exits (above/below) C7 vertebra
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below
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spinal nerves T1-S5 exit (above/below) the corresponding vertebrae
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below
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fasciculus gracilis (medial dorsal column) carries fibers from the...
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lower body
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fasciculus cuneatus (lateral dorsal column) carries fibers from the...
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upper body
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within the lateral corticospinal tract, the fibers controlling the legs are (lateral/medial)
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lateral
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within the lateral corticospinal tract, the fibers controlling the arms are (lateral/medial)
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medial
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within the spinothalamic tract, the fibers innervating the sacral area are (lateral/medial)
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lateral
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within the spinothalamic tract, the fibers innervating the cervical area are (lateral/medial)
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medial
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the dorsal column tract decussates in the...
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medulla
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the lateral corticospinal tract decussates in the...
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medullary pyramids (caudal medulla)
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lesioned in poliomyelitis and infantile spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig-Hoffmann syndorme)
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destruction of the anterior horns of the spinal cord (LMN only!)
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lesioned in ALS
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anterior horns AND lateral corticospinal tracts (LMN and UMN)
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lesioned in anterior spinal artery stroke
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everything except dorsal columns, tracts of Lisnauer
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lesioned in tabes dorsalis (neurosyphilis)
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the dorsal columns and dorsal root ganglia
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lesioned in syringomelia
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anterior white commissure
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causes of subacute combined degneration (3)
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vitamin B12 deficiency, vitamin E deficiency, Friedreich's ataxia
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lesioned in subacute combined degeneration
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dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, spinocerebellar tracts
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loss of all sensation and LMN signs at the level of the lesion; UMN signs and loss of sensory ipsilaterally below the lesion; loss of pain/temp sensation contralaterally below lesion
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Brown-Sequard syndrome (hemisection of the spinal cord)
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a finding aside from Brown-Sequard syndrome if cord is hemisected above T1
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ipsilateral Horner's syndrome
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landmark dermatome: posterior skull
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C2
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landmark dermatome: upper neck
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C3
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landmark dermatome: lower neck
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C4
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landmark dermatome: nipple
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T4
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landmark dermatome: xiphoid process
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T10
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landmark dermatome: inguinal ligament
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L1
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landmark dermatome: knee caps
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L4
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landmark dermatome: genitals and anus
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S2-4
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nerve root tested by the biceps reflex
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C5
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nerve root tested by triceps reflex
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C7
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nerve root tested by patellar reflex
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L4
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nerve root tested by Achilles reflex
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S1
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cause of + Babinski sign
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UMN lesion
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CN nuclei in the midbrain
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CN III, CN IV
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CN nuclei in the pons
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CN V - VIII
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CN nuclei in the medulla
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CN IX - XII
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lateral CN nuclei are ___ while medial CN nuclei are ___
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lateral=sensory, medial=motor
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vagal nucleus relaying visceral sensory information from CN VII, IX, X
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nucleus solitarius
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vagal nucleus relaying motor innervation from CN IX, X, XI
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nucleus ambiguus
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vagal nucleus relaying parasympathetic to heart, lungs, upper GI
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dorsal motor nucleus
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CN II exits the skull via the ___, along with the ophthalmic artery and central retinal vein
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optic canal
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CN III exits the skull and enters the orbit via the ___
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superior orbital fissure
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CN IV exits the skull and enters the orbit via the ___
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superior orbital fissure
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CN VI exits the skull and enters the orbit via the ___
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superior orbital fissure
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CN V1 exits the skull and enters the orbit via the ___
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superior orbital fissure
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the ophthalmic vein exits the orbit and enters the skull via the ___
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superior orbital fissure
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the sympathetic innervation to the eye enters the orbit via the ___
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superior orbital fissure
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name everything that enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure
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CNs III, IV, V1, VI; ophthalmic vein; sympathetics
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CNV2 exits the skull via the ___
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foramen rotundum
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CNV3 exits the skull via the ___
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foramen ovale
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the middle meningeal artery exits the skull via the ___
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foramen spinosum
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CN VII exits the skull via the ___
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internal auditory meatus
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CN VIII exits the skull via the ___
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internal auditory meatus
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CN IX, X, and XI exit the skull via the ___
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jugular foramen
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CN XII exits the skull via the ___
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hypoglossal canal
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the spinal roots of CN XI enter the skull via the ___
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foramen magnum
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for near vision, the ciliary muscle (contracts/relaxes) and the zonular fibers (contract/relax)
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the ciliary muscle contracts and the zonular fibers relax, thus allowing the lens to relax (become more convex)
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if the lens is more convex, focus is (near/distant)
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near
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if the lens is flatter, focus is (near/distant)
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distant
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for distance vision, the ciliary muscle (contracts/relaxes) and the zonular fibers (relax/tighten)
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the ciliary muscle relaxes, tightening the zonular fibers, and the lens flattens
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what is a Marcus Gunn pupil?
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afferent pupillary defect (retinal/optic nerve damage)
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what is MLF syndrome?
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medial rectus palsy on attempted lateral gaze, seen in MS. nystagmus in abducting eye, paralysis in adducting eye.
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another name for MLF syndrome
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internuclear ophthalmoplegia
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chromosome for APP
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Chr 21
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chromosome for presinilin-1
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14
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chromosome for presinilin-2
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1
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chromosome for ApoE4
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19
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composed of A-beta
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senile plaques (extracellular!)
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composed of phosphorylated tau
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neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular!)
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composes Pick bodies
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intracellular aggregates of tau
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defective protein in Lewy body dementia
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alpha-synuclein
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classic triad of MS
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scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus
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causes of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
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VZV infection, measles/rubeola infection, rabies vaccine, smallpox vaccine
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another name for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
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hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN)
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port wine stain in CN V1 distribution, ipsilateral angiomas, pheochromocytomas
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Sturge-Weber syndrome
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ash-leaf spots, hamartomas, adenoma sebaceum, cardiac rhabdomyoma
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tuberus sclerosis
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"pseudopalisading" pleiomorphic tumor cells bordering central areas of necrosis and hemorrhage
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glioblastoma multiforme
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spindle cells concentrically arranged in a whorl, with psammoma bodies
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meningioma
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S100 positive primary brain tumor
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Schwannoma
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"fried egg" cells = round nuclei with clear cytoplasm
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oligodendroglioma
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TWO tumors derived from Rathke's pouch
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craniopharyngioma, pituitary adenoma
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Rosenthal fibers - eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers
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pilocytic astrocytoma
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rosettes or perivascular pseudorosettes, with small blue cells (PNET)
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medulloblastoma
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perivascular pseudorosettes with rod-shaped blepharoplasts (basal ciliary bodies) near the nucleus
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ependymoma
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highly vascular tumor with foamy cells
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hemangioblastoma
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mechanism of alpha-agonists in treating glaucoma
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decrease aqueous humor synthesis
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mechanism of beta-blockers in treating glaucoma
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decrease aqueous humor synthesis
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mechanism of acetazolamide in treating glaucoma
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decrease aqueous humor synthesis
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mechanism of cholinomimetics in treating glaucoma
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increase outflow of aqueous humor
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emergency tx for glaucoma?
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pilocarpine (a direct cholinergic agonist)
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mechanism of prostaglandin analogues like latanoprost (PGF2a) in treating glaucoma
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increase outflow of aqueous humor
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first-line for tonic-clonic seizures (3)
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phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid
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first-line for simple or complex partial seizures
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carbamazepine
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first-line for absence seizures
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ethosuximide
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first line for acute status epilepticus
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benzodiazepines
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first line for trigeminal neuralgia
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carbamazepine
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mechanism of phenytoin
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inactivates Na+ channels
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mechanism of carbamazepine
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inactivates Na+ channels
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mechanism of lamotrigine
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blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels
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mechanism of gabapentin
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inhibits Ca2+ channels
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mechanism of barbiturates
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increase DURATION of GABA-A Cl- channel opening
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mechanism of benzodiazepines
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increase FREQUENCY of GABA-A Cl- channel opening
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mechanism of valproic acid
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inactivates Na+ channels, increases GABA
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mechanism of ethosuximide
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blocks thalamic T-type Ca2+ channels
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useful in eclampsia
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MgSO4, benzodiazepines
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treatment for malignant hyperthermia
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dantrolene
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treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome
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dantrolene
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mechanism of dantrolene
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inhibits release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
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mechanism of bromocriptine, pramipexole, ropinirole
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agonize DA receptors (Parkinson's)
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mechanism of amantadine
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increase DA
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mechanism of selegiline
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MAO-B inhibitor (Parkinson's)
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mechanism of entacapone, tolcapone
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COMT inhibitors (Parkinson's)
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mechanism of benztropine
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antimuscarinic (Parkinson's)
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why do you use antimuscarinics for Parkinson's?
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to decrease excess cholinergic activity, which causes tremor and rigidity
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mechanism of memantine
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NMDA-R antagonist, helps prevent excitotoxicity in AD
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mechanism of donezepil for AD
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AChE inhibitor
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mechanism of galantamine for AD
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AChE inhibitor
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mechanism of -triptans
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5-HT1B/1D agonist
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