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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of problems are the kidneys very susceptible to? |
Very susceptible to blood borne toxins and ischaemia as a result of hypotension. |
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What should not be filtered out of the blood by the kidneys? |
Large proteins such as albumin. |
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What is erythropoetin? |
Kidneys release this hormone to stimulate bone marrow to produce RBC's. |
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What is renin? |
An enzyme that breaks down angiotensionogen into angiotensin II which causes vasoconstriciton and increases blood pressure. |
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What diagnostic tests can be done to monitor the kidneys function? |
Bloods (urea, creatinine, phosphorous, potassium, electrolytes) Urinalysis, Dipstick, USG, Microscopy, radiography, ultrasounds, contrast studies. |
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What is Azotaemia? |
Increase in urea and creatinine in the blood. Can be prerenal (dehydration) renal (Kidney damage) or post renal (bladder obstruction) |
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What are normal USG values? |
Dogs - 1.015 to 1.045 Cats 1.020 - 1.050 |
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What does low USG indicate? |
dilute urine |
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Is acute renal failure reversible or not? |
It is reversible. |
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What is ischaemia? |
Tissue hypoxia as a result of hypotension or hypovolaemia due to shock, anaesthesia, or low cardiac output. |
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What toxins can cause acute renal failure? |
NSAIDS, Ethylene glycol or lilies. |
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What can cause acute renal failure? |
Toxins, bacterial infection or urinary obstruction. |
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What are the clinical signs of acute renal failure? |
Sudden onset of -- lethargy, inappetance, V+D, dehydration, oliguria or anuria, enlarged kidneys, brady/tachy cardia (Depends on cause), pyrexia. |
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What can be done to treat acute renal failure? |
Rescue therapies or antidote for toxins. Stop giving nephrotic drugs. Antibiotics if bacterial infection suspected. 0.9% NaCl fluids. |
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What should be monitored in acute renal failure? |
Urea and creatinine, electrolytes (Affected by fluids), blood pressure, appetite. |
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When does chronic renal failure normally become apparent? |
After 70% of renal function is lost. |
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What is chronic renal failure? |
A slow onset of disease where the body adapts and compensates for the effects. |
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What are the clinical signs of renal failure? |
PUPD (As kidneys not concentrating urine), depression, uraemic breath (Due to urea breakdown), weight loss, dehydration, pale MM's, small kidneys, hypertension, rubber jaw (hyperparathyroidism removing calcium from bone). |
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How is chronic renal failure diagnosed? |
Azotaemia, non-regenerative anaemia, low USG, proteinurea, culture if infection suspected. |
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How can chronic renal failure be treated? |
Minimise dehydration (Wet food, water fountain, lots of water bowls etc) Adequate nutrition (Low phosphorous, high potassium, high BV proteins.) Medication (Phosphate binders, antiemetics, gastroprotectors, potassium) Monitor (Appetite, demeanour, body weight blood parameters). |
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What is nephrotic syndrome? |
Rare. Result of damaged glomerulus. Albumin lost so fluid moved out of blood into tissue. |
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What are the clinical signs of nephrotic syndrome? |
Oedema, ascites, lethargy, PUPD, proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, or hypertension (As sodium is retained to correct hypertension) |
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How can nephrotic syndrome of treated? |
Treat underlying cause, Ace-inhibitors, dietary management (reduced sodium high BV proteins) Diuretics, plasma transfusion (short lived response). Mobility to reduce oedema. |
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What is polycystic kidney? |
A congenital abnormality often seen in Persians, fluid filled cysts, can be screened for. |
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What can cause lower urinary tract disorders? |
Infection, stones, anatomical defects, or neuro deficits. |
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What is cystitis? |
A urinary tract infection that has caused inflammation of the bladder lining. |
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What is the cause of cystitis? |
Bacteria has ascended into the bladder and the host usually has a defect in defence against infection. |
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What are common causes of other UTI's? |
Damage caused by uroliths, urine retention, concurrent illness, or indwelling catheter. |
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What are the clinical signs of UTI? |
dysuria, pollakiuria, stranguria, loss of house training, small painful bladder, changes to urine (blood). |
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How can UTI's be treated? |
culture and sensitivity testing (prior to AB treatment esp in recurrent cases) encourage fluid intake and urination. |
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What is urolithiasis? |
Stones in the urinary tract. |
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What signs might be seen in urolithiasis? |
same signs as a urinary tract infection. |
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What treatment can be done for urolithiasis? |
surgican removal, diet (In struvite, wet diet and neutral pH may prevent reoccurrence). Regular urinalysis. |
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What is FLUTD |
Feline lower Urinary tract disease. an umbrealla term for infections or uroliths. Often idiopathic (55%)(stress may be a factor). |
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What are the clinical signs of FLUTD? |
UTI signs, haematuria, dysuria, pollakiuria |
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What may be the clinical signs of FLUTD if a blockage is involved? |
Vocal anuria, large bladder. Check for hyperkalaemia before GA or sedative. Relieve obstruction (cysto if can't remove). |
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What treatment can be given for FLUTD? |
Pain relief antibiotics, IVFT monitor electrolytes, urine output etc. |
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What are the two types of incontinence? |
Non-neurogenicincontinence ( ectopicureters or urethralsphinctermechanism incompetence) Neurogenicincontinence (Spinal disease) |
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What are the treatments for incontinence? |
Preventscalding with barrier creams. Frequentopportunity to urinate. Surgeryfor anatomical defects. Medicationfor USMI (urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence) |
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When may urine retention occur? |
Normally after RTA or neurological trauma. Relaxants or contractile agents used to aid muscle relaxing or contracting. |
