Gi Disorders

Front 1

Vomiting

Back 1

active process

protective mechanism

acute or chronic

loss of fluid - dehydration

loss of electrolytes

electrolyte imbalance and metabolic alkalosis

Front 2

acute V and D

Back 2

- Mostcases due to adietary indiscretion¤Rapidalteration of bacterial gut flora - Changesto bacterial population of the gut¤Allowsinvasion of gut epithelium and causes inflammation - Impairedmotility¤Toofast = diarrhoea, too slow = vomiting or gut pooling - Normalcellular defence responds, killing bacteria and allowing gut to recover

Front 3

V and D serious cases include..

Back 3

parvo virus

foreign body

intussusception

salmonella, campylobacter, e.coli

toxaemia

neoplasia

Front 4

V and D treatment

Back 4

- Uncomplicatedacute vomiting ¤Starve¤Possibleelectrolytereplacement¤Adjusteddietfor a period

- Chroniccases ¤Controlunderlying cause¤Use ofintravenous fluids¤Specificdrugsacting on the GI tract i.e. antiemetic’s,¤Analgesia

Front 5

nursing care for V/D

Back 5

-Isolateand barrier nurse if indicated
-Starvefor24 hours,introduce smallamounts often of a light, easy to digest diet
-Keepthe patient clean, grooming as needed
-Monitorall clinical parameters including hydration status and weight

-Observeand record frequency of vomiting and type
-Administertreatment prescribed by the vet

Front 6

regurgitation

Back 6

passive return of food from oesophagus (neutral or alkaline) or stomach (acidic)

Head lowered and undigested materialejected from the mouth - sausage shape, covered in mucus or saliva

Front 7

regurgitation causes

Back 7

megaoesophagus
PDA
Oesophagitis
Oesophageal FB
Oesophageal stricture

Front 8

regurgitation diagnosis

Back 8

plain or barium radiography
oesophagoscopy
blood tests

Front 9

regurgitation treatment

Back 9

-Medical manage megaoesphagus
-PDA = Surgery¨Oesphagitis = Anti-inflammatories andhistamine H2 blockers (Zantac,Tagamet)
-Removal of foreign body
-Stents or surgery for oesophageal strictures

Front 10

regurgitation nursing care

Back 10

-Monitorpatients vital signs, hydration, weight

- Recordfrequency and consistency

-Observefor signs of aspiration pneumonia – coughing, depression, pyrexia

-Offerfoodand water from a height–Gravity helps

-Trydifferent consistency of food – care with liquid food due to increased risk ofaspiration pneumonia

-Groomand clean patient as needed

-Administermedication as per veterinary surgeons diagnosis

Front 11

diarrhoea

Back 11

acute or chronic
originate from small or large intestine

Chronicdiarrhoearesults in a loss of water from the body that leads to dehydration, electrolyteimbalance and metabolic acidosis

Front 12

chronic diarrhoea

Back 12

dietary intolerance - inability to digest milk and gluten

dietary hypersensitivity - food allergy

Front 13

-Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) (chronic diarrhoea)

Back 13

¤Lack of production of pancreatic enzyme ¤Large output of ‘greasy’ faeces/diarrhoea ¤Hyperphagic with weight loss ¤Tiny amount of trypsin in circulation ¤Supplement missing enzyme

Front 14

malabsorption (chronic diarrhoea)

Back 14

¤Inflammatorybowel disease
¤Productsof digestion not absorbed, often leads to bacterial overgrowth
¤Idiopathicchronic diarrhoea – Antibiotic responsive diarrhoea (ARD)

¤Usedto be called small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)

Front 15

bacterial growth and chronic infection (chronic diarrhoea)

Back 15

¤Roundwormcommon cause in pups and kittens¤Giardia– protozoal infection
¤Campylobacter

Front 16

Back 16

intussusception (chronic diarrhoea)

treated surgically

Front 17

neoplasia, liver disease and endocrine disease cause...

Back 17

chronic diarrhoea

Front 18

chronic diarrhoea diagnosis

Back 18

-Blood tests¤Routinehaematology and biochemistry¤Specifictests
-Radiography, ultrasound
-Endoscope
-Laparotomy and biopsy
-Food trails

Front 19

chronic diarrhoea nursing care

Back 19

-Correct diet – Research diets forconditions mentioned
-Antibiotics maybe indicated
-Anti inflammatories
-Weight monitoring
-Good client communication
-Worming plan

Front 20

constipation

Back 20

failure to pass faeces in normal quantity or frequency - common in elderly

Front 21

constipation causes

Back 21

-Dietary
-Environmental
-Painful conditions
-Obstruction
-Neurological
-Metabolic and endocrine disease

Front 22

constipation treatment

Back 22

-High fibre diet if due to poor mobility
-If obstructive – low residue diets, witha laxative
- enemas

- Laxatives

Front 23

megacolon in constipation

Back 23

-Hypertrophy and dilation of the colon associated withchronic constipation
-Predominately seenin cats

-96% of cases are idiopathic
-Treatment consists of multiple enemas to remove theimpaction and the addition of fibre to a moist diet. Lactulosealso administered.
-Colectomy¤Followingprocedure thecat mayhave diarrhea or softfaeces butafter 1-6 weeks a soft formed stool is developed

Front 24

Back 24

megacolon

Front 25

pancreatic disease

Back 25

-Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI)

-Pancreatitis
¤Middleaged, female and overweight
¤Inflamedpancreatic duct blocks flow of digestive enzyme – digests tissue around

Front 26

Back 26

pancreatic disease

Front 27

Back 27

Prayer position

very painful

Front 28

pancreatic disease sign and treatment

Back 28

-Vomiting and anorexia
-Blood test for amylase and lipase, moreaccurate pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity
-Cats don’t display classic signs; vagueanorexia and lethargy

-No treatment – supportive only

-Nil by mouth
-Low fat diet once recovering

Front 29

Liver diseases

Back 29

Hepatitis - inflammation of the liver
cirrhosis - damage, blood supply separated from functional liver cells
cholongiohepatitis - reduction in flow of bile due to inflammation of the bile duct

Front 30

hepatic lipidosis

Back 30

¤Obesecats that undergo period of anorexia¤Livercells become overloaded with fat¤Encouragethem to eat and the condition is reversible
¤Carewith overweight cats not eating in general

Front 31

portosystemic shunt

Back 31

liver disease

¤Congenitalfault
¤Hepaticportal vein bypasses the liver
¤Digestedfood products and ammonia enter general circulation
¤Pupsand young dogs
¤Symptomsworse after food
¤Salivationand seizures

Front 32

signs of liver disease

Back 32

-Jaundice
-Vomiting
-Diarrhoea
-Weightloss
-Polydispsia/polyuria
-Anorexia
-Ascites – if blood return via the venacava is impaired or protein levels have dropped

-Hepatomegaly – butsize will be reduced in cirrhosis
-Bleeding disorders due to a lack ofclotting factor production

Front 33

liver disease diagnosis

Back 33

-Blood biochemistry
¤ALT –active liver cells; metabolising drugs/toxins¤AlkP –inflammation ¤Albuminand globulin¤Ammonia¤Bileacid stimulation – liver function not damage

-Haematology including coagulation screen

-Radiography to assess liver size
-Ultrasound
-Biopsy
-Paracentesis
-Urine tests

Front 34

liver disease nursing care

Back 34

-Nutrition vital¤Caloriesfrom carbohydrates¤Highquality protein¤Lactuloseto absorb ammonia
-Treatment for shock in acute cases
-Antibiotics
-Possible barrier nursing
-Weight control when in recovery

Front 35

Back 35

liver disease

Front 36

enemas

Back 36

liquid substance that is placed into the rectumand colon of a patient. Its use is not intended to flush colonic content outbut to distend the rectum and distal colon gently, initiating normal expulsivereflexes

Front 37

reasons for enema

Back 37

empty rectum
diagnostic aid
administration of medicines

Front 38

solutions for enemas

Back 38

water
Liquid paraffin
mineral oil
saline (phosphate enema)
ready to use mini enema
gastrointestinal cleaning agents (laxatives)

Front 39

Back 39

Higginson syringe/pump

administration of enemas