Unit Test 2- Ch 6,7,8

Front 1

Emotion

Back 1

occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being.
-plays roles in communication with others and behavioral organization

Front 2

primary emotions

Back 2

are present in humans and other animals; these emotions appear in the first 6 months of the human infant's development.
-feelings include: surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust

Front 3

self-conscious emotions

Back 3

require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of "me"
- jealously, empathy, embarassment, pride, shame, and guilt

Front 4

basic cry

Back 4

a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is somewhat higher pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry.

Front 5

anger cry

Back 5

a variation of the basic cry in which more excess air is forced through the vocal cords.

Front 6

pain cry

Back 6

a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding; no preliminary moaning is present. presented by a high-intensity stimulus.

Front 7

Reflexive Smile

Back 7

a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep.

Front 8

social smile

Back 8

a smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of the young infant.
-occurs as early as 2 months of age

Front 9

stranger anxiety

Back 9

-most frequent expression of an infant's fear
-infant shows a fear and wariness of strangers

Front 10

separation protest

Back 10

crying when the caregiver leaves

Front 11

temperament

Back 11

which involves individual differences in behavioral styles emotions and characteristics ways of responding

Front 12

easy child

Back 12

positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences

Front 13

difficult child

Back 13

reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, is slow to accept change.

Front 14

slow-to-warm-up child

Back 14

has a low activity level, is somewhat negative and displays a low intensity of mood.

Front 15

Goodness of fit

Back 15

refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with

Front 16

Trust according Erikson

Back 16

the first year of life is characterized by the trust-versus-mistrust stage of development

Front 17

Erikson

Back 17

stressed that independence is an important issue in the second year of life.

Front 18

Ross Thompson

Back 18

infants are socioemotional beings who show a strong interest in the social world and are motivated to orient to it and understand it

Front 19

Face-to-face play

Back 19

often beings to characterize caregiver-infant interactions when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.

Front 20

social referencing

Back 20

the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

Front 21

Attachment

Back 21

a close emotional bond between two people

Front 22

Phase 1

Back 22

from birth to 2 months.
infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.

Front 23

Phase 2

Back 23

from 2 to 7 months
Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.

Front 24

Phase 3

Back 24

7 to 24 months
specific attachments develop. with increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.

Front 25

Phase 4

Back 25

from 24 months on
Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions

Front 26

strange situation

Back 26

an observational measure of infant attachment that takes about 20 minutes in which the infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.

Front 27

sercurely attached babies

Back 27

use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment

Front 28

insecure avoidant babies

Back 28

show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver

Front 29

insecure resistant babies

Back 29

often cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

Front 30

insecure disorganized babies

Back 30

appear disoriented

Front 31

developmental cascade model

Back 31

involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes

Front 32

reciprocal socialization

Back 32

socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents just as parents socialize children

Front 33

scaffolding

Back 33

in which parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn taking with parents

Front 34

growth hormone deficiency

Back 34

is absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow.

Front 35

leading cause of death in young children

Back 35

motor vehicle accidents

Front 36

Exposure to tobacco smoke in the home

Back 36

22% of children and adolescents

Front 37

preoperational stage

Back 37

2-7 years
children begin represent the world with words,images, and drawings

Front 38

symbolic function substage

Back 38

the substage of preoperational thought, occurring roughly between the ages of 2 and 4.

Front 39

Egocentrism

Back 39

is the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective.

Front 40

Animism

Back 40

another limitation of preoperational thought, is the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

Front 41

intuitive thought substage

Back 41

the second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approx 4 and 7 years of age.
children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions

Front 42

centration

Back 42

a centering of attention of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.

Front 43

Conservation

Back 43

the awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties

Front 44

Zone of proximal development

Back 44

Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children.

Front 45

executive attention

Back 45

involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances

Front 46

sustained attention

Back 46

is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment

Front 47

short-term memory

Back 47

individuals retain info for up to 30 seconds.

Front 48

executive functioning

Back 48

an umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex.

Front 49

theory of mind

Back 49

refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others

Front 50

18 months to 3 yrs

Back 50

understand 3 mental states:
perceptions, emotions and desires