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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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basic principles of Piagets theory
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-children need to make sense of the world
-develop schemes initially for behavior, but eventually for mental activities |
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scheme
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cognative structure that organizes experiences
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processes that help children deal with new information
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organization-process of rearranging and liking together shemes
adaptation-process by which children deal with new info. |
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assimilation vs. accomodation
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assimilation-incorprating new experiences into existing schemes ex. calling butterfly a bird
accomodation- changing schemes based on experiences ex. correcting oneself and calling butterfly a butterfly |
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equilibrium
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schemes are not changing. comfortable, cognative state-assimilation used more often that accomodation
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disequilibrium
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schemes are changing rapidly, cognitive discomfort
greated use of accomodation than assimilation |
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sensorimotor stage
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occurs from birth to 2 years
6 substages |
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6 substages of Piaget's sensorimotor stage
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1-reflexive stage (birth - 1mo)
2-primary circular reactions (1-4 mos)- simple motor skills oriented towards infants own body 3- secondary circular rxns (4-8 mos)- repeat actions that affect the environmnt. 4- coordination of 2ndary circular rxns (8-12 mos)- more than 1 scheme combined 5- tertiary circular rxns (12-18 mos)- repeats action with variation 6- mental representation (18-24 mos)- internal images of absent objects and past events |
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research disputing Piaget's theory
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infants display understanding earlier than Piaget though.
infants develope gradually, rather than step by step. |
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emotion
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response of the whole organism
physiological arousal expressive behavior conscious experience |
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Basic Emotions
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happiness, interest, suprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust
-directly inferred by facial expressions -appear in the first year of life |
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newborn global arousal states
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-attraction to pleasant stimulation
-withdrawl from unpleasane stimulation -calm, attentive, distressed |
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social smile
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smile evoked by stimulus of human face
appears b/t 6 and 10 weeks |
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stranger axiety
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infant shows fear when stranger appears
based on: temperment past experience w/ strangers situation in which baby and stranger meet |
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contingent responding
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infants often match their own emotions to other's emotions
they must be able to distinguish affective expressions |
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social referencing
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in unfamiliar environment, infants look to parent for cues to interpret situation
starts b/t 8-10 mos helps regulate emotional experiences |
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visual cliff experiment w/ 1 yr olds
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when mom is smiling on other side, 74% infants cross
when mom shows fear, 0% cross |
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attatchment
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enduring social-emotional relationships
characterized by tendancy to seek out and maintain closeness. |
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cupboard love theory
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infant attatches to mom becuase she fufills his physiological needs (food, clothes)
Not True! |
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primary object sucking theory
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infants have a built in porpensity to relate to the human breast-attatched to mother
problem-non breast feeding children still have attatchment |
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Primary return to the womb craving
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infants resent their ectrusion from the womb
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Bowlby's ecological theory
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child becomes attatched to person who meets emotional needs
ensures survival -early social bx b/t infant and caregiver result of evolutionary process -infant is helpless at birth -parent develops caregiving bond -emotional bond mother feels for child |
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infant promotes paregiver by what bx
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make interactions pleasant
cute appearance Juvinile Features-bulging cranium, retracted chin, small nose, large eyes |
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psychosocial implications of attatchment theory
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-attatchment relationships are template for social relations
-provides basis for conceptualization of self and others -if needs are met, view self as worthy of love -leads to ability to self soothe |
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strange situation
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measures quality of attatchment
b/t 12-18 mos -involves separations and reunions w/ parent -focus on child's bx upon mother return |
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Bx of secure attatchment in strange situation
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infant may or may not cry
greet mom upon return seeks mom out if upset easily comforted by parent 65% in USA |
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Bx of insecure-avoidant infant in strange situation
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-don't appear distressed @ seperation
- physiologically distressed -ignore and avoid mom upon return -20% in USA |
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Bx of an insecure-resistand infant in strange situation
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-remain close to parent before departure
-display angry, resistive bx upon return -doesn't return to play -cry a lot -10% in USA |
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Bx of insecure-disorganized infant in strange situation
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-mix avoidant and ambivolent bx
-show confused bx -show fear, remain still, or turn in circles at mom return -5% in USA |
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determanants of Attatchment quality
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parent home bx-history of parents car for infant
infant conditional strategy-how they deal with parent home bx infant temperment-biological personality |
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Parent home behaviors of the different attatchments
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secure-responsive to child's emotional needs
avoidant-reject emotional needs ambivolent-inconsistant response to emotional needs disorganized- ? child abuse |
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infant conditional strategy in different attatchments
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secure- shows true emotions
avoidant-minimize emotions and use of caregiver ambivolent- maximize emotions and caregiver use disorganized- no strategy |
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infant temperment of different attatchments
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secure-low-high
avoidant-low, don't get upset easily ambivolent-high-gets upset very easily disorganized-low-high |
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Later development of secure children
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good self-esteem
good peer relationships maximize cognative abilities |
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later development of insecure avoidant children
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-bullying
-aggressive behavior |
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later development of insecure ambivolent children
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-socially withdrawn
-victimized |
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outline of toddler language development
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6-9 months-babble
12 months- 1 word sentence 18 months-3 word sentences 36 months-complex grammer |
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sensitive period hypothesis
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certain kinds of experiences are especially important at particular points in development
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early baby sounds
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2 months-cooing ah, oo show positive emotions
6 months- reduplicated babbling- babababa can't reinforce babbling to creat words even deaf children babble |
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referencial communication
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indicates items in environment
first seen 11-12 months |
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proto-declaritive signal
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gestures to call adults attention to something
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proto-imperative signal
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gestures to get an adult to do something
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protoword
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voaclization w/ constant meaning but word doesn't resemble real word.
ex lala for bird starts 10-12 months |
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child's first word usually:
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-important people
-moving objects -familiar actions -outcomes of familiar actions |
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referential style vs. expressive style
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referential-words refer to objects or events usually show this style for first word
expressive style-vocab contains larger # personal/social workds expressing social routines. ex. please more likely in Asian aultures |
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semantics
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meaning of words and sentences
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factors influencing aquiring words
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whole object constraint-children assume that new words apply to whole object rather than parts
-mutual exclusivity constraint- assume that each word refers to different things -taxonomic constraint-assume that the same word must refer to things that are similar -fast mapping- map a new word onto an underlying concept after just 1 encounter |
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naming explosion
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child goes from knowing few works to identifying everything
between 18 & 21 months may learn 50 words/week |
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comprehension vs. production
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comprehension-language child understands
production-words child uses comprehension first |
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errors in early word use
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underextension- apply word to smaller collection of objects than is typically done
overextension-apply word to wider collection of objects mismatches- infants and adults have different references |
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why do children incure error?
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-vague or incorrect labeling by others
-improvement in child's category development -means of communicating w/ limited vocab |
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syntax
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organizing words into phrases
(rules of grammar) |
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overregularization
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using a rule for all cases, even when it shouldn't be applied
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holophrase
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one word sentence w/ communicative intent.
Ex. 'UP' parent interprets pick me up |
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telegraphic speech
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2 word stage
toddlers arrange words in correct order for their language |
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echoing
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correctly repeat the word back to child
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recasting
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restate what child said in a different way...fill in missing words of child's sentences
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expanding
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use other descriptave words to add to the words the child is using
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labeling
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child is exposed to new things and you label them
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symbolic substitutions
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one thing symbolizes something else
replica objects-army men..increased use from 14-19 months substitute objects-object takes place of another-use around 24 months double substitutions seen at 36 months |
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cognitive functions of pretend play
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advanced intellectual dvlpmt
better memory and logical reasoning better language skills greater perspective taking skills |
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social funtions of pretend play
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resolving conflicts
helping others initiating play situations negotiating joining others in play |
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socialization
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process by which children aquire rules, calues and standards of culture
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socialization from outside the child
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parents and other adults impose rules and values on an unwilling, impulsive child
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socialization from inside a child
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appropriation- children naturally take on the rules and values of their culture
requires history of responsive cargiving |
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self control (major development 1)
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capacity to inhibit a response that is unacceptable or conflicts with a goal
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toddler reactions to parental control
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initial rxn- self assertion- noncomplient acts untertaken in interest of autonomy)
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