Unit 5 Nutrition Def.

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f

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f

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Building blocks that construct proteins; the end products of protein digestion

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Amino acids

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(building up)
- Process in which more complex substances are produced
ex: New bone & Muscle tissue. The building of more complex biochemical substances by synthesis of nutrients

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Anabolism

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a decrease of hemoglobin in blood
(can be caused by loss of blood, decreased RBC production, or an increase of RBC destruction)

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Anemia

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Condition in which ill or debilitated clients have poor appetites

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Anorexia

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a measurement system of size and body makeup

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Anthropometry

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a natural, instinctive desire for food

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Appetite

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the act of taking a breath or inhaling

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Aspiration

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presence of bacteria in the urine

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Bacteriuria

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- The energy requirement of a person at rest.
- The energy needed to maintain life-sustaining activities (breathing, circulation, heart rate, temperature) for a specific period of time.
- Includes breathing, circulation, and digestion.
- If fever occurs, BMR increases.

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Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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Method of measuring the fat composition of the body as compared with other tissues, by its resistance to electricity

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Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

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Measuring of weight, corrected for height, which serves as an alternative to traditional height-weight relationships

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

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chewed food that is ready to be swallowed

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Bolus

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general ill health and malnutrition (emaciation)

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Cachexia

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Dietary classification of food such as sugars, starches, cellulose, and gum

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Carbohydrate

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(breakdown)
- Breakdown of food products into simpler substances;
- Energy for nerve impulses, muscle contraction, Thermal energy, Energy for DNA production, Energy for immediate use

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Catabolism

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Enzymes: ex:pepsin, amylase, lipase

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Chemical Digestion

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viscous, semi fluid contents of the stomach present during digestion of a meal that eventually pass into the intestines.

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Chyme

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cracks on the lips/sides of mouth caused by a lack of riboflavin

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Cheilosis

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Conversion of food into absorbable substances
(3 types: Mechanical, Chemical, & Hormonal)

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Digestion

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Difficulty swallowing

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Dysphagia

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vomit

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Emesis

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Energy from food/ energy used by body

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Energy balance ( in metabolism)

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Basal metabolic rate (BMR) & Resting energy expenditure (REE)

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Energy Requirements

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Provision of nutrients through the GI tract when the client cannot ingest, chew, or swallow food but can digest and absorb nutrients

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Enteral nutrition

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Proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions in organic matter

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Enzymes

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Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be provided by diet

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Essential amino acids

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Nutrients composed of chains of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one end of the chain and a methyl group at the other

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Fatty acids

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Fatty acids that have one carbon bond

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Monounsaturated-

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Fatty acids that have 2 or more carbon double bonds

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Polyunsaturated

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Fatty acids in which each carbon in the chain has an attached hydrogen atom

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Saturated

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- Nutrient that contains cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin;
- sources are mainly fruits and vegetables.
- structural carbohydrates usually found in plants which cannot be digested by humans who don’t have the enzyme capable of breaking them down

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Fiber

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- composed of: Mouth, Salivary Glands, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large intestine, Rectum, Anus, Gallbladder, Liver, and Pancreas

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GI system
(a problem w/the GI system means there will be a problem with nutrition)

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bile not being secreted = bile build up = jaundice = gall bladder problems, which leads to

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Gall Bladder disease

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surgical creation of an artificial opening into the stomach through the abdominal wall

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Gastrostomy

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inflammation of the tongue

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Glossitis

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Formation of gluclose or glycogen from substances that are not carbohydrates, such as proteins or lipids

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Gluconeogenesis

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- Anabolism (build up) of glucose into glycogen for storage.
- Makes new glucose when no glycogen is available.
Ex: from fat storage, if no fat available
ex: anorexics or frail older adults must make from proteins- which leads to whole muscle waste

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Glycogenesis

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Catabolism (breakdown) of glycogen into glucose, CO2, and H2O

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Glycogenolysis

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Regulate flow of digestive secretions
ex: gastrin

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Hormonal Digestion

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- Condition caused by excessive intake of a vitamin;
- less likely to occur with water-soluble vitamins

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hypervitaminosis

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- Passage of digested food molecules into intestinal cells.
- Small intestine is primary site for nutrient absorption.
- All 6 nutrients are absorbed.
- Aspirin and alcohol are absorbed here and irritate gastric mucosa, which can lead to a GI bleed.

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Intestinal Digestion

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Organic chemical compound characterized by having in its structure a carbonyl, or keto, group, =CO, attached to two alkyl groups

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Ketone

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synthesis of fatty acids

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Lipogenesis

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any disorder of nutrition (unbalanced, insufficient, excessive diet)

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Malnutrition

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Chewing, churning & mixing

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Mechanical Digestion

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- Absorbed nutrients are used by the body for energy and to maintain body structures and function.
- 2 Steps of Metabolism: Anabolism Catabolism.
- Must have a balance of energy.
- High metabolic activity in young, low in older adults.

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Metabolism

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Inorganic elements essential to the body because of their role as catalysts in biochemical reactions

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Mineral

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when the intake and output of nitrogen is equal

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Nitrogen balance

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Proportion of essential nutrients to the number of calories of a specific food.

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Nutrient destiny

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Chemicals in food that are required by the body for energy, growth, maintenance, and repair.

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Nutrients

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The study of essential nutrients and the process by which nutrients are used by the body.

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Nutrition

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Administration of nutrition into the vascular system (IV only)

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Parenteral nutrition (PN)

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Coordinated, rhythmatic, serial contractions of smooth muscle that force food through the digestive tract.

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Peristalsis

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BMR plus energy to digest meals and perform mild activity.

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Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)
Bed rested patients have lower REE

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REE plus calories required for activity.

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Total Energy requirements

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Circulate in the blood and are made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol.

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Triglycerides

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- Organic compounds essential in small quantities for normal physiological and metabolic functioning of the body.
- Can not be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet or dietary supplements.

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Vitamin

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(A,D,E,K)
- can be stored in the body

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Fat-soluble vitamins

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cannot be stored in the body and must be provided in the daily food intake
ex: vitamin C and B complex.

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Water-soluble vitamins