Unit 4

Front 1

Anxiety and Exercise

Back 1

-state is reduced by long-term exercise (longer better at producing changes)

-30%-70% max. heart rate will reduce state

-not necessarily tied to physiological gains

Front 2

Exercise and Mood Measurements

Back 2

-Profile of Mood States (POMS) exercise associated with improvements in tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, vigor-activity, fatigue-inertia, and confusion-bewilderment

-Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) exercise & social interaction sig. increased + (level of pleasurable engagement) but not - affect (level of distress).

-3-4 times a week, moderate intensity, 20-30min

Front 3

Observational Learning (4 dependents)

Back 3

(1) Attention: important features of modeled behaviour (role models, correctly, "status")

(2) Retention: of features in memory (for future)

(3) Reproduction: of observed behaviours

(4) Motivation: repeatedly practice and take this information for their own.

problems: too much information (video-slow), full partner in learning process

Front 4

3 Phases of Motor Skill Acquisition: Cognitive

Back 4

Cognitive Phase: Understand how skill is to be performed. (verbal descrip., demonsration,)

-focus to detail to construct mental represen.

-learner develops schemata between muscular/nervous system

-completed when proper movements can reasonably excecuted, practiced, and expanded.

Front 5

3 Phases of Motor Skill Acquisition: Associative

Back 5

Associative Phase: practices the skill to high levels of accuracy and consistency

-not paying as much attention to physical execution (more automated)

-longer lasting phase (weeks/months/years)

-visual movements replaced by proprioceptive control or 'feel"

-unnecessary movements are removed with a reduction in errors

Front 6

3 Phases of Motor Skill Acquisition: Autonomous

Back 6

Autonomous Phase: skills performed automatically w/o conscious thought or attention to the details of movement or mechanics

-conscious attention can be detrimental

-executed on demand, instructions to maintain

-motivation (from coach) crucial at this phase

-commitment for improvement and repetitions for 10 years gets you to this pro. stage

Front 7

Motor Skills and Repetition (categories and continuum)

Back 7

Fine: movement accuracy utilizes small muscles (target shooting)

Gross: depend on contraction of large skeletal muscles with the purpose of extending power and strength (weight lifting)

Categories:

Open: ability to quickly change targets or be involved with objects and other athletes (bball)

Closed: dealing with stationary targets or objects (rifle shooting)

Continuum:

Discrete: having a definite beginning and end (darts)

Serial: short sequences of movements done in prescribed order (boxing, bowling)

Continual: repetitive in nature with the same movements being made over and over (race walking)

Front 8

Evaluation of a coaching strategy to reduce swimming errors (read)

Back 8

p/ 33 in notes

Front 9

Contexts of Anxiety

Back 9

Social Anxiety: social situations

Competitive Anxiety: form of social, athletes concerned about their body, performance, fitness level etc

Social Physique Anxiety: tendency to experience anxiety as a result of perceiving that others may evaluate ones physique in a social setting.

State Anxiety: associated with worries and apprehension that change moment to moment (i.e. fear of entering locker room but not fear in working out)

Trait Anxiety: Stable part of individuals personality

-directional interpretation of symptoms (neg. anxiety not always neg. performance)

Front 10

Sources of Anxiety: Personal Sources Part I

Back 10

-Age, Experience, Skill: diff b/w novice/pro, less skilled view anxiety as neg. for performance.

-Gender: higher in females, more social physique (BMI strongest predictor) Men do too

-Trait: competitive trait anxiety; level of trait affects perception of threat and state. Low and high trait show symptoms in similar manner.

Front 11

Sources of Anxiety: Personal Sources Part II (Self-Confidence & Self-presentation beliefs)

Back 11

-critical sources of anxiety

-beliefs relating to competitive success of group or team also influence pre competitive anxiety responses

-self-confident view anxiety as more facilitative

-self-presentation: monitor/control impressions

-self-pres beliefs: will present physical self in negative way (anxiety for many exercisers)

-self-regulation strategies (coping through exercise)

-self-handicapping: action or choice of performance setting that enhances opportunity to externalize failure and internalize success (excuse for failure, credit for success)

Front 12

Sources of Anxiety: Environment Based

Back 12

Temporal Patterning in Sport Environment: intensity of anxiety response changes. (Somatic low until several hours prior after which rises until onset, during/after decrease.. Cog- diff unless prior to comp., after decline. Cog anxiety remains stable but intrusions increase)

Mirrors in Exercise: increase social and state anxiety. (watch performance not appearance)

Clothing: type associated to social anxiety, more revealing, higher levels (women esp.)

Presence of others: increases (women esp. if social physique anxiety)-esp. mixed gender

Leaders: interactive = anxiety, clothing worn maybe

Front 13

Anxiety Sport Performance Relationship Models: Multidimensional Anxiety Theory

Back 13

-relationships b/w components of anxiety and sport performance

-1st, relationship b/w cog and somatic components

-2nd, relationship b/w component of competitive anxiety and sport performance (may change across phase of competition)

-somatic is inverted curvilinear relationship & cognitive has negative linear relationship w performance. (som ^, perf. should enhance)

Front 14

Anxiety Sport Performance Relationship Models: Zones of Optimal Functioning Theory

Back 14

Suggests optimal zone of competitive state anxiety required for optimal performance from members of team likely to differ.

-best performance w optimal levels of state

Front 15

Anxiety Sport Performance Relationship Models: Cusp Catastrophe Theory (5 predictions)

Back 15

Describes combined influences of the multiple components of competitive anxiety and physiological arousal on performance.

-anxiety has complex relationship w perform.

5 predictions:

(1) When cog. state low, relationship b/w physiological arousal and performance is inverted U.

(2) When physiological arousal low, cog. state elevations associated with enhanced performance relative to baseline.

(3) When phys arousal high, elevations in cog. state decline in performance.

(4) When cog. state anxiety high, elevations in phys. arousal can be + or -.

(5) When phys arousal moderately high, cog. state is high, is predicted that a dramatic performance drop (catastrophe) will occur.

Front 16

2 Mechanisms (&Issue) of Anxiety Performance Relationship

Back 16

Cognitive Mechanisms: Attentional Focus & Selectivity Hypothesis (elevation in competitive state reduces the ability to attend to& process large amounts of information-narrow focus)

-2nd issue: type of info processed (^ anxious attend to threatening task irrelevant info more, governed by subjective importance of cues)

-3rd issue: Choking

Physiological Mechanisms: ^ arousal disrupts performance of motor skills that require manual dexterity and fine motor control. (can increase anaerobic power and fine motor control)