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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Outgassing
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water vapor emerges from deep within the earth
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How many years old is water
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3.8 BYBP
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What percentage of earth does water cover?
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71%
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What percentage of our bodies is water?
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70%
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What are the two greatest agents of geomorphic change?
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Gravity and water
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What % of water is in salt form?
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97.22%
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What % of water is in fresh form?
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2.78%
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What are %'s of freshwater distribution?
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groundwater 22%
ice/glaciers 77% lakes/ponds/rivers 1% |
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What are the 4 steps in the Hydrologic Cycle?
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evapotranpiration
condensation precipitation runoff |
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Infiltration
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subsurface weathering; forms regoliths and karsts
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runoff
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fluvial landscapes form caused by degradation, aggradation, and overlandflow
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Fluvial System
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running water, could be a permanent watercourse or temporary
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Running Water causes...
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erosion and transport of weathered material
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2 main fluvial processes that induce change on Earths surface
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Degredation- erosion
Aggradation- deposition |
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overland/sheetflow
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runoff during and after a rain that doesnt soak into the ground
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rills
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channels that collect runoff, not permanent
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brooks & creeks
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combined rills
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streams and rivers
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combined brooks and creeks, the 4 names are interchangeable
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trunk
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main section of a water course with many tributaries coming off
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drainage basin
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a network of watercourses
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watershed
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catchment area of a drainage basin
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Drainage Patterns
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a geometric arrangement of streams in a region or area determined by slope, rock resistance to weathering...etc.
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8 common drainage patterns
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dendritic, trellis, radial, parallel, annular, rectangular, deranged, centripetal
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hydraulic action
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the work of water itself, turbulence, squeeze and release action of water
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abrasion
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the work of materials carried along by the water hitting and dislodging other materials
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corrosion
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materials being dissolved in water
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downcutting erosion
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erosion of the stream bed making it deeper
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lateral erosion
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erosion of stream banks making it wider
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headward erosion
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extension of a stream up the slope of erosion
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velocity of the water is greatest at...
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greatest near the center of stream above deepest section
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volume of water
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greater volume leads to more erosion and sediment load capacity
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stream load
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the material carried or transported by a watercourse governed by velocity and volume of a stream
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3 types of stream load
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dissolved, suspended, bed load
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4 processes that move load
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solution, suspension, traction, saltation
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solution
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moves the dissolved load
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suspension
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fine clastic particles held in suspension
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traction
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the sliding and dragging of material bedload along the riverbed
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saltation
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medium to small sized bedload bounced along the riverbed
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meander
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curve or bend in the course of a river
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cut bank
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outer portion of a meander
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point bar
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inner portion of meander
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cutoff
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where river eroded a shorter course across a meander
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oxbow lake
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isolated meander filled with water
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meander scar
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isolated meander that is not filled with water
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nickpoint
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change in gradient, rapids, waterfall
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alluvial terraces
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indicates an older floodplain, caused by lateral erosion or downcutting
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deposition
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process whereby transported/ weathered sediments are deposited by wind water or ice
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floodplain
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flat lowlying ground on either side of a stream
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alluvium
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sediment is deposited when water recedes, thus adds to the soil in the floodplain
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natural levee
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ridge of deposited sediment along the channel side
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midstream bar
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buildup of sediments between channel banks
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deltas
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sediments at the mouth of a river where it empties into an ocean, named by Herodotus
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Youth in a river
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v shaped valleys on steeper gradients
-Colorado river in the Grand Canyon |
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Maturity in a river
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widening of valley floor and formation of floodplain features
-Oconee River, Athens |
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Old age of a river
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floodplain widens, exhibits well developed meanders
-Mississippi River |
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Gauging station
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measures discharge of a river
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base flow
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river flow or discharge fed only by ground water
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peak flow
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the discharge during and after a rain event
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flood
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high water level which overflows the natural levees (banks)
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flood magnitude
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volume of water flow during a flood (the area of land flooded)
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KARST LANDSCAPES LECT 31
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LECT 31
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percolation
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source of groundwater through the soil and rock
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Porosity
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the % of total volume of a rock or soil that consists of pore space
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Permeability
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how well fluids will move through a material
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Zone of Aeration
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water passes through here, above a permeable layer
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Zone of Saturation
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Water collects here above an impermeable layer
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Water table
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upper limit of a zone of saturation
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unconfined aquifer
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has a permeable layer above and an impermeable layer below
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confined aquifer
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has an impermeable layer above and below
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artesian well
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flow of water onto the surface under pressure from a confined aquifer
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spring
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a surface flow of water that emerges from underground, not under pressure
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stream
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water flowing on the surface in a watercourse where the water table is above the surface, permanent or temporary
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thermal springs and geysers
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water heated to high Temps, associated with volcanic activity
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ground subsidence
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if large quantities of groundwater are removed, surface may sink
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Karst
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landscape associated with the chem erosion of soluble limestone and dolomite REQUIRES WATER, surface below
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Carbonation
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reaction of carbonic acid with minerals, process of Karst-dissolves the CA in Limestone. Depends on CO2 amt in water
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CO2 in water comes primarily from...
and how much? |
soil.
1-3% CO2 by volume |
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Other sources of CO2
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Soil, Atmosphere, snow
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Doline Karst
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areas of sinkholes (dolines), most widely distributed type, up to 1 mile in size EX) Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Florida
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Uvala
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2 or more dolines that have joined into one big one
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Cockpit Karst
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areas of small depressions surrounded by 5 towers or cones forming star shaped patterns EX) Jamaica, Puerto Rico
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Cone and Tower Karst
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steeper sided towers, small depressions, not star shaped, very similar to cockpit EX Belize, Cuba, China
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FluvioKarst
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landscape of deranged drainage, blind valleys, large springs, sinking/disappearing streams, any running water systems EX) East US
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swallow holes
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cave openings
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Polje Karst
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large closed depressions filled with sediment, susceptible to flooding. Water flows across the polje floor into a ponor (hole) EX) Adriatic Coast
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Labyrinth Karst
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intersecting solution corridors and canyons -can be several miles long EX)Canada
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Cave
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a natural opening in the earth large enough to admit a human
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Longest known cave...
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Mammoth/Flint system in Kentucky 310 miles
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Name the two cave classes
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Single Conduit and Maze
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speleothems
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general term for all cave formations
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stalagmites
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depositional feature which build from the floor
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stalactites
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depositional feature which grows downward from the ceiling
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column
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reaches from floor to ceiling
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tufa
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precipitate which forms along walls on rocks and other sources
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climate system
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the interaction of all spheres
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Evidence of climate change
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oxygen isotope analysis of ice cores, sea floor sediments, tree rings, palynology, geologic formations, human historical records
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Nuclear winter
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cooling of Earth's Temperature due to increase of materials which would block out solar radiation
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Pleistocene Glaciations
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3 MYBP it was warm, then there was a series of glacial periods/advances and inter-glacial periods/ retreats
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Last glacial advance dates...
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began 35000 ybp and ended 10,000 ybp
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glacier
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large body of ice formed on land form the accumulation and recrystallization of snow, that is in motion
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Zone of accumulation
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where snow accumulates in the first step of glacier formation
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firn
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granular compacted snow that develops above the firn line
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glacial ice
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further compaction and recrystalization of firn
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zone of ablation
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a glaciers lower end or area of loss
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What causes glaciers to move?
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weight and pressure (gravity) along with temperature
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Glacial surge...How fast?
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1 m/hr
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Plucking
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blocks or fragments of bedrock are pulled from the surface by the ice
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Abrasion
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sraping of the surface by rock debris in the ice, may create glacial polish (smooth the surface) or striations
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Rouche Mountonnee
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mound or hump in surface where plucking occurs on leeward side and abrasion on the down glacier side
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Continental Glacier
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aka ice sheets, very thick, cause isostatic depressions EX)Antarctica (65% of All Freshwater) and Greenland
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Ice cap
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circular in Iceland
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ice field
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mountain range shaped found in patagonia
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Alpine glacier
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glacier that is confined within a mountainous region
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Valley Glacier
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ice mass within a stream valley
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Cirque Glacier
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originates in a cirque (bowl shaped recess) of a mountain
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Tidal Glacier
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one that ends in the sea
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calving
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breaking off of large pieces of ice creating icebergs in the sea
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Degradational features of Continental Glaciers
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Glacial lakes, Paleolakes (Pluvial lakes)
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Aggradational features of Continental Glaciers
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Glacial drift: glacial till, stratified drift, erratics, Moraines:
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glacial drift
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the solid material carried and deposited by a glacier
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glacial till
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unsorted deposits carried at the base of a glacier
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stratified drift
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small sized material carried and sorted by meltwater streams
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erratics
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large boulders transported far from their source region
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Moraine
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ridge or mound of glacial debris deposited during the melting phase of a glacier
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terminal moraine
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ridge which marks the farthest advance
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recessional moraine
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created when a receding glacier stops
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ground moraine
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glacial till laid down at the base of a glacier
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Drumlin
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a smooth elliptical shaped hill of glacial till parallel to ice movement
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Kame
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a small hill, knob, or mound of till
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Kettle or Kettle lake
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a depression formed when a "land iceberg" melts
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Meltwater deposits
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sorted or stratified material moved by running water underneath and or away from the glacier terminus
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Outwash plain
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formed ahead of a receding ice sheet by removal of material carried in the meltwater
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Esker
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ribbon shaped ridge created by the clogging of a river course within a glacier
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Degredational Alpine Glacier features
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Glacial trough, hanging valley, fjord, cirque, arete, horn, tarn
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hanging valley
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side or tributary valley, evidence of a tributary glacier
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fjord
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a glacial valley which intersects the ocean and has been flooded by seawater
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Cirque
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a scooped out basin/bowl at the head of an alpine glacier
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arete
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sharp ridge that divides 2 cirques
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horn
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a peak caused by several cirque glaciers gouging a mountain on all sides
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tarn
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a small lake which collects in a cirque basin behind the lip of the cirque
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Alpine Glacier Aggradational features
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Lateral moraine and Medial Moraine
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Lateral Moraine
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moraine on the edge of an ice mass
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Medial Moraine
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located down the middle of a glacier
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