Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
3 main themes of Darwins book |
1. The similarities and differences that exist among species. 2.The adaptations that evolved in species in order to survive in an environment. 3. The geographic distribution of species around the world. |
|
|
Why does Darwin discuss ancestry and common ancestors among species through out his book? |
To help support his theory of natural selection. |
|
|
Plato (427 B.C - 247 B.C) |
Develops the first attempt to organize nature. Believed in 2 distinctly different worlds existing based upon Gods of Olympus and Earth. The perfect earth and the one we live on which shows organisms with imperfections. |
|
|
Aristotle (384 B.C - 322 B.C) |
Student of Plato who builds upon his thoughts. He developed the Scala Naturae ( scale of nature ). He believed each species had it's own "rung" on the "latter of life". He believed the species positions were permanent and perfect. Humans were at the top right under the gods. |
|
|
Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) |
Considered father of taxonomy ( science of species classification ) originally only 2 kingdom's in his system: plantae and animalia. His system uses Binomial Nomenclature. |
|
|
Rules of Binomial Nomenclature |
1. Genus name is written first and has a capitalized first letter. 2. The species name is written second and is lowercase. 3. The whole name is written in Latin and is italicized ( or double underlined if hand written ) |
|
|
Current levels of classifications ( called taxons ) |
Domain ( most inclusive, yet least specific ) Kingdoms Phylums Classes Order Family Genus Species ( least inclusive, yet most specific ) |
|
|
Georges Cuvier (1769 - 1832) |
Famous Paleontologist, he proposed the theory of Catastrophism It tries to explain why organisms seem to suddenly disappear from existence on earth (Ex. Dinosaurs) a catastrophic event must have occurred to cause their sudden, in geographic terms, extinction to occur. |
|
|
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829) |
Proposed the theory of evolution. His idea was only partially correct though. He was correct on evolution takes long periods of time. However he also believed that is a body part is used frequently it will be passed on to the next generation and if it a body part was not used it would dissappear over time which is incorrect. ( if his beliefs were true body builders babies would be born with huge muscles or people missing a limb would pass that trait on to their offspring. He also makes no claim about how environment has a role in evolution. |
|
|
Describe Charles Darwin life up to the trip. |
Darwin was born in 1809 in England. He attends a university at 16 to become a doctor. In December 1831 he graduates. He then decided to join Captain Robert Fitzroy on the H.M.S Beagle. Darwin collected plants, animals, and fossils at every stop and sent them back to England. |
|
|
1840 London |
Darwin has a working manuscript on his theory of natural selection. |
|
|
1844 London |
Darwin finished his manuscript but continues to tinker with it. |
|
|
Book |
Darwin published his book " On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection". He used the words "Descent with Modification" instead of evolution. Which both just mean change over time. |
|
|
Darwin theory of natural selection |
His theory basically states that there are different levels of success in reproduction based on the species ability to survive in that environment. Weak traits are slowly lost over time where beneficial traits allowed species to survive and pass on the traits. Nature Ultimately decides who gets to survive and reproduce and who doesn't. |
|
|
Artificial Selection |
Where man selects what traits are desired. Man can "erase" what Nature took thousands of years to "create". This is not always the best outcome for the environment. |
|
|
Populations |
Four items defines a population: 1. Same species of organisim 2. In the same place 3. At the same time 4. Showing signs of reproduction |
|
|
Supporting evidence for common ancestry among organisms includes |
Homologous structures ( "same" Ex. Include skeletal structure, limb structure, etc) Embryological Homologies ( common stages in development that embryos go through ) Molecular Homologies ( refers to DNA nucleotide sequences being exact in order and function |
|
|
Biogeography |
The geographic distribution of species (basically where a species is found) |
|
|
Endemic |
Refers to a species that is only found in one place on earth (usually organisms on islands because they can't go anywhere) |
|
|
Convergent Evolution |
Term used for organisms that only visually appear to be closely related because they evolved in similar environments. Reality is they may be very distantly related to each other. |
|
|
Analogous Structures |
Have the same function. Such as a bat wing and a insect wing. Not to be confused with homologous structures. Homologous indicates common ancestryand analogous does not. |
|
|
Explain Populations evolve not individuals |
This is because you can't change your somatic cells DNA by choice, only by random mutation. If the mutation occurs in the DNA located in gametes, then those might effect the next generation of offspring and therefore a change of traits have occurred. So the population can evolve from generation to generation. Individuals are stuck with what they got and will have weak and strong traits. |
|
|
Population Genetics |
The science that studies the trait variation rates over time within a population. Basically follows the allele frequency rates in a gene pool. |
|
|
Population defined by 4 criteria |
1. Same species of organism 2. Located in the same location 3. At the same time 4. Showing signs of reproduction |
|
|
Species |
Mostly defined as organisms that are so genetically similar in genome that there exist the potential to breed and reproduce viable fertile offspring. |
|
|
Geographic range vs. Population |
A population is in one specific given area; range is everywhere the species can be found. |
|
|
What does it mean if there are no chamge in allele frequency? |
There is no evpuloition present. A state of equilibrium is occuring. |
|
|
5 conditions for a equilibrium |
1. Large population 2. No migration in or out of the population 3. No mutations are occurring 4. Random mating is occurring 5. No natural selection is occurring in the population. |
|
|
Variation |
Is key for a species to survive in an environment. This is because there are options so that some can overcome environmental factors and reproduce. |
|
|
Creating variation |
1. Through mutations, which are rare and random in gametes. Mutations are more common in somatic cells because there directly exposed to the environment. 2. Through sexual reproduction, process of crossover in meiosis 1 causing random variation in gametes. |
|
|
Microevolution |
Evolution / change on a small scale. Usually refers to changes in allele frequency within a population if a species. Can eventually lead to macroevolution. |
|
|
Macroevolution |
The evolution of a new species or higher taxon in the classisification system from a pre existing species. |
|
|
Creationism |
Microevolution to Macroevolution creating a new species. Not to be confused with evolution which just means change over time. |
|
|
Natural selection |
Always has a positive effect on variation because "nature" favors those traits that make a population or species more able to survive. |
|
|
Phenotypic Polymorphism |
(A.K.A Discrete Characters) Referred to as single gene traits for the "discrete" phenotypic outcome. Also called either or traits. You either have them or you don't. Phentypic means possible outcomes of a gene. Polymorphism means many versions or types. Blood types is an example. |
|
|
Genotypic Polymorphisms |
Traits for which there may exist several phenotypic outcomes based on the fact that these traits come from a interaction between several genes. Eye or skin color is an example. |
|
|
Evolutioninary flow |
Directional Diversifying Stabilizing Normal bell curve |
|
|
Directional evelotutionary flow |
Bell curve flows in one direction only |
|
|
Diversifying eveloutinary flow |
The bell curve for a trait separates in opposite directions at the same time. |
|
|
Stabilizing eveloutionary flow |
The bell curve moves to the stable center. |
|
|
Neutral variation |
No survival benefit or harm. Ex. Fingerprints |
|
|
Sexual dimorphism |
The two versions (male and female) are the direct result of the secondary sexual characteristics associated with estrogen versus testosterone production. The "fittest" male wins. |
|
|
Intrasexual selection |
Males mainly "fight" for reproductive rights. |
|
|
Intersexual selection |
Males strut to attract the females attention. Mostly seen in birds. Females pick the "fittest" looking male. |
|
|
James Hutton (1726 - 1797 ) |
A geologist. Proposed the theory of gradualisim. Theory tries to explain the earth has to be old because it would take a long time for mountains or canyons to form. This is important because it supports Darwins time frame he explained for natural selection. |
|
|
Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875) |
Lyell was also a geologist. He wrote a book titled Principals of Geology. (Darwin had this book with him on his trip aboard the Beagle) Lyell proposed his theory of uniformitarianism, this theory tries to explain that the same geological processes occurring today happened in the past. For example rain and erosion. |
|
|
Dating fossils (two ways) |
Absolute "radiometric" dating - uses the half life of radioactive elements. C-14 for thousands, U-238 for millions to billions of years. Relative Dating - uses different strata of rock and index fossils to establish a timeline. |
|
|
Plate tectonics |
Refers to the moving of the continental plates. The continents moving are a direct cause of bigeograpgy of species. |
|
|
Jay Gould |
Famous Harvard professor, proposed the method of a punctuated equilibrium. |
|
|
Punctuated Equilibrium |
Long periods of stability (the equilibrium) are interupted (the punctuated) by a major disruption that causes a mass extinction. Ex. Asteroid hitting the earth. Usually after a mass extinction, a new species will occur. |
|
|
Different mass extinctions |
Snowball earth causes end of Pre-Cambrian era. Pangea caused the end of the Paleolzoic era Asteroid caused the end of the Mesozoic Era |
|
|
Pre Cambrian Era |
Before fish and snowball earth occured |
|
|
Paleozoic Era |
(Age of fish) super continent ( pangea ) ended it |
|
|
Mesozoic Era |
(Age of reptiles) Asteroid took it out |
|
|
Cenozoic Era |
(Age of Mammals) it is our current era. |
|
|
Geologic time |
Eons, broken down to eras, broken down to periods, broken into Epochs. |
