The Vertebral Column

Front 1

SUPERIOR VIEW OF L2

Back 1

1. transverse process

2. pedicle

3. vertebral foramen

4. body

5. mamillary process

6. superior articular process

7. laminae

8. spinous process

Hint 1

Front 2

SCOTTY DOG FRACTURE

Back 2

PARS INTERARTICULARIS

Hint 2

Front 3

OVERVIEW OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Back 3

1. cervical region

2. thoracic region

3. lumbar region

5. sacral region

Front 4

1. CERVICAL REGION

Back 4

LORDOTIC CURVATURE:

- convex relative to anterior aspect of body

C1 - C7

Hint 4

Front 5

2. THORACIC REGION

Back 5

KYPHOTIC CURVATURE:

- concave relative to anterior aspect of body

T1 - T12

Hint 5

Front 6

3. LUMBAR REGION

Back 6

LORDOTIC CURVATURE:

- convex relative to the anterior aspect of body

L1 - L5

Hint 6

Front 7

4. SACRAL REGION

Back 7

KYPHOTIC CURVATURE:

- concave relative to anterior aspect of body

S1 - S5

Hint 7

Front 8

DYNAMICS OF PELVIC TIPPING

Back 8

1. rectus abdominus - post. tip

2. erector spinae - ant. tip

3. hamstrings - post. tip

4. rectus femoris - ant. tip

Front 9

1. RECTUS ABDOMINUS

Back 9

- if too strong, creates posterior tip to pelvis

- decrease lumbar lordotic curvature

Hint 9

Front 10

2. ERECTOR SPINAE

Back 10

- if too strong, creates anterior tip to pelvis

- increase lumbar lordotic curvature

- collection of muscles

- origin = posterior aspect of pelvis

- insert = superior vertebra/ribs

Hint 10

Front 11

3. HAMSTRINGS

Back 11

- if too strong, creates posterior tip to pelvis

- decrease lumbar lordotic curvature

- all three hamstrings origin = ischium

Hint 11

Front 12

4. RECTUS FEMORIS

Back 12

- if too strong, creates anterior tip to pelvis

- increase lumbar lordotic curvature

- one of "quad" muscles

- origin = anterior inferior iliac spine

- inserts on patellar tendon

Hint 12

Front 13

POSTERIOR VIEW OF LUMBAR REGION

Back 13

1. lumbar vertebra 1

2. transverse processes

3. spinous processes

Hint 13

Front 14

1. LUMBAR VERTEBRA 1

Back 14

- lumbarized

- all sacral vertebra should be fused

Front 15

2. TRANSVERSE PROCESSES

Back 15

- insertion points for ligs/muscles

Front 16

3. SPINOUS PROCESSES

Back 16

- insertion points for ligs/muscles

Front 17

LIGAMENTS IN POSTERIOR LUMBAR REGION

Back 17

1. intertransverse ligament

2. interspinalis ligaments

3. ligamentum flava

Front 18

1. INTERTRANSVERSE LIGAMENT

Back 18

- passes from b.t. the transverse processes of adjacent vertebra

- prevent excessive opposite side lateral flexion

Hint 18

Front 19

2. INTERSPINALIS LIGAMENTS

Back 19

- passes between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebra

- prevent excessive forward flexion

Hint 19

Front 20

3. LIGAMENTUM FLAVA

Back 20

- passes between anterior & inferior aspect of laminae of more proximal vertebra to the posterior & superior aspect of the laminae of the more distal vertebra

- prevent excessive forward flexion

Hint 20

Front 21

LIGAMENTS IN ANTERIOR LUMBAR REGION

Back 21

1. anterior longitudinal ligament

Front 22

1. ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT

Back 22

- limits hyperextension of vertebral column

* AKA prevents excessive extension of trunk

- inserts into anterior aspect of successive vertebral bodies

- thick/broad - rarely injured

Hint 22

Front 23

MUSCLES OF POSTERIOR LUMBAR REGION

Back 23

1. mulifidus muscle

2. erector spinae

3. thoracolumbar fascia

4. latissimus dorsi

Front 24

1. MULIFIDUS MUSCLE

Back 24

- stabilizes sucessive vertebra

- runs oblique b.t. transverse processes of inferior vertebra to spinous process of superior vertebra

- runs length of vertebral col.

Hint 24

Front 25

2. ERECTOR SPINAE

Back 25

- extends spine if functioning bilaterally

- group of muscles

Hint 25

Front 26

3. THORACOLUMBAR FASCIA

Back 26

- binds together all deep muscles of spinal column

*AKA multifidus & erector spinae

- separates deep muscles from superficial muscles of lumbar region

Hint 26

Front 27

4. LATISSIMUS DORSI

Back 27

- adducts & internally rotates humerus

- very large muscle

- originates on spinous processes of lumbar & thoracic vertebra

Hint 27

Front 28

THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISK

Back 28

1. intervertebral disk

2. annulus fibrosis

Front 29

1. INTERVERTEBRAL DISK

Back 29

- b.t. each cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebra

- none b.t. sacral or coccyx

- anterior to spinal cord

- limited to articulate w. adjacent vertebral bodies

- 20-25% of height of vert. col.

Hint 29

Front 30

2. ANNULUS FIBROSIS

Back 30

- outer region of each disck

- very fibrous

- primarily collagen bundles

- collagen bundles = obliquely oriented

- posterior/lateral aspect of disk the bundles = poorly organized --> this leads to weak-spot where nucleus pulposus can break through

- when nucleus pulposus migrates away from center of intervertebral disk = disk herniation

Hint 30

Front 31

INTERVERTEBRAL DISK HERNIATIONS

Back 31

* disk only articulates w. body of adjacent vertebrae

* spinal cord housed in vertebral foramen...

1. pedicles

2. laminae

3. spinous process

4. b.t. pedicle & laminae..

5. neural arch

--

6. protrusion/extrusin/sequestration

7. nerve root damage

Front 32

1. PEDICLES

Back 32

- found bilaterally

- immediately posterior to vertebral body

Hint 32

Front 33

2. LAMINAE

Back 33

- found bilaterally

- immediately posterior to pedicles

Hint 33

Front 34

3. SPINOUS PROCESS

Back 34

- just posterior to laminae

Hint 34

Front 35

4. B.T. PEDICLES & LAMINAE..

Back 35

- superior & inferior articular process b.t. each pedicle & laminae

Front 36

5. NEURAL ARCH

Back 36

- bony aspects taken together = neural arch

Front 37

6. PROTRUSION, EXTRUSION, & SEQUESTRATION

Back 37

PROTRUSION:

- if nucleus pulposus bulges against annulus fibrosis

EXTRUSION:

- if nucleus pulposus bulges through annulus fibrosis

SEQUESTRATION:

- if nucleus pulposus is no longer bound by annulus fibrosis

Front 38

7. NERVE ROOT DAMAGE

Back 38

- any herniations in posterior & lateral directions can impinge spinal nerve root

- causes sensory (dermatone) and motor (myotome) function damage