The Thorax And Abdomen_Mod 1 Lec 4

Front 1

THORACIC CAGE - Enumerate its component

Back 1

- thoracic segment of the spine

- sternum

- ribs

Front 2

Other names for Superior Thoracic Aperture & Inferior Thoracic Aperture

Back 2

Superior Thoracic Aperture = Thoracic Inlet

Inferior Thoracic Aperture = Thoracic Outlet

Front 3

Definition of Superior Thoracic Aperture (Thoracic Inlet)

(wiki)

Back 3

It refers to the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity

Front 4

Definition of Inferior Thoracic Aperture (Thoracic Outlet)

(wiki)

Back 4

= the lower opening of the thoracic cavity whose edges are the lowest ribs

Front 5

Which one is larger? Superior or Inferior Thoracic Aperture

(~)

Back 5

Inferior Thoracic Aperture

- Thoracic outlet

Front 6

Components of the STERNUM

Back 6

- manubrium

- sternal body

- xiphoid process

Front 7

On the thoracic cage, where is the infrasternal angle of the sternum?

Back 7

Front 8

Enumerate the joints/ junctions on the sternum

Back 8

- Manubriosternal joint

- Xiphisternal joint

Front 9

On the sternum, locate the manubriosternal and xiphisternal joint

Back 9

Front 10

Enumerate the typical vertebral levels of the sternum

Back 10

1. Suprasternal jugular notch (TII)

2. Manubriosternal joint = Sternal angle (TIV-V)

3. Xiphisternal joint (TIX)

Front 11

What is Costa?

Back 11

= latin name for RIBS

(refer to m. Levatores Costarum, who elevates the ribs)

Front 12

How many types of ribs there are? Describe them

Back 12

- True ribs

- False ribs

- Floating ribs

Front 13

Which ribs are the TRUE ribs? Why is the rib characterized true?

Back 13

Ribs I-VII

Because they have the DIRECT insertion to the sternum via costal cartilage

Front 14

Which ribs are the FALSE ribs? Why is the rib characterized false?

Back 14

Ribs VIII-X

Because they have the INDIRECT insertion to the sternum via costal margin (infrasternal angle)

[so

-costal Cartilage = DIRECT insertion

-costal Margin = INDIRECT insertion]

Front 15

Which ribs are the FLOATING ribs? Why is the rib characterized floating?

Back 15

Ribs XI-XII

Because hey have NO insertion on the sternum

Front 16

Name the components (typical features) of a ribs

Back 16

- head

- neck

- tubercle

- body (shaft)

- costal angle

- costal cartilage

- costal groove

Front 17

Identify the typical features of a ribs

Back 17

- head

- neck

- tubercle

- costal angle

- costal groove

- body (shaft)

- costal cartilage

Front 18

Enumerate the atypical ribs

Back 18

Ribs:

-True: I, II

-False: X

-Floating: XI and XII

Front 19

Why is ribs I atypical?

Back 19

Ribs I:

- Short, flat and horizontally oriented

- NO COSTAL GROOVE

Front 20

The costal groove is replaced by what on ribs 1?

Back 20

anterior and posterior grooves

Front 21

What does the anterior and posterior grooves on rib 1 contains?

Back 21

* anterior groove: for subclavian vein

* posterior groove: for subclavian artery

Front 22

Why is ribs II atypical?

Back 22

Like rib I

- Short, flat and horizontally oriented

- NO COSTAL GROOVE

Front 23

Ribs 1 vs ribs II - which one is longer?

Back 23

Ribs II

Length: ribs II = 2x ribs I

Front 24

Why is ribs XI and XII atypical?

Back 24

• No tubercles or necks

• Short

(while rib I, II: no costal groove)

Front 25

Which atypical ribs only articulate with the vertebrae at its own level?

(~~)

Back 25

-Can't be ribs XI or XII since they have no tubercle

-Ribs I & II have heads -> articulate with 2 vertebraes

=> RIBS X (that's why it's atypical I think..)

Front 26

How do we call the joint of the thoracic cage?

Back 26

COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINT

Front 27

What is the type a costovertebral joint is? (solid vs synovial joint)

Back 27

synovial joint

Front 28

How many costovertebral joint there are?

Back 28

2

Front 29

What is a costotransverse joint?

Back 29

A type of costovertebral joint

(see well the photo)

Front 30

On which part of the ribs is the costotransverse joint?

Back 30

-> so between TUBERCLE & TRANSVERSE COSTAL FACET

Front 31

Where is the transverse costo facet (costo facet on the transverse process) that the costotransverse joint articulate with?

Back 31

on THORACIC vertebrae

Front 32

Resume the articulation of the costotransverse joint

Back 32

Front 33

Apart the costotransverse, what is the other type of costovertebral joint?

Back 33

2 articular facets on the HEAD of the ribs:

- Superior articular facet

- Inferior articular facet

Front 34

The 2 articular facets on the HEAD of the ribs articulate with what?

Back 34

Correction: only ribs X articulate with only the vertebrae at its own level

Front 35

So on the ribs, what and where are the 2 costovertebral joint? With what these joints articulate?

Back 35

1. On the HEAD of the ribs: 2 articular facets -> articulate with the body of 2 vertebrae (1 ABOVE and 1 BELOW)

2. On the TUBERCLE of the ribs: costotransverse joint -> articulate with the transverse process - on the thoracic vertebrae (at its OWN LEVEL)

Front 36

Where are the costovertebral joints on the thoracic cage?

Back 36

Those are POSTERIOR joints = between the ribs and the vertebra

Front 37

Which joints are on the ANTERIOR part of the thoracic cage? Identify them

Back 37

3 joints

1.Costochondral

2. Sternocostal

3. Interchondral

NB: chondral = cartilage

Front 38

In general, where are the anterior joints of the thoracic cage?

Back 38

Between the ribs and the sternum

(while the joints on the POST. part of the sternum = between ribs & the vertebrae)

Front 39

While costovertebral joint = synovial joint, what about the anterior joint?

Back 39

1.Costochondral: Solid, cartilaginous, synchondrosis joint

2. Sternocostal: Synovial, plane/gliding

Front 40

Is ALL sternocostal joint synovial, plane/gliding?

Back 40

NO!

The sternocostal joint of the 1st rib is a synchrondrosis joint

Front 41

Where is the interchondral joint?

Back 41

Important: interchondral joint = on false ribs only

Front 42

Summerize all joints of the thoracic cage

Back 42

all joints of the thoracic cage = in orange

Front 43

Enumerate the muscles of the thoracic wall

Back 43

NB: scalenes were mentioned as deep m. of the neck as well, aide in inspiration

Front 44

How does EXternal Intercostal muscle contributes to respiration?

Back 44

Elevates ribs in forced INHALATION= forced INSPIRATION (so doesn't participate in normal inhalation)

Front 45

How does INternal Intercostal muscle contributes to respiration?

Back 45

Depresses ribs in forced EXPIRATION (so doesn't participate in normal expiration)

[so EXternal Intercostal m. -> forced INspiration

while

INternal Intercostal muscle-> forced EXpiration

x))]

Front 46

How does INNERMOST Intercostal muscle contributes to respiration?

Back 46

Like lNTERNAL intercostal muscle

= Depresses ribs in forced EXPIRATION

(Important: innermost intercostal mucle = on the internal surface of the thoracic wall, unlike internal intercostal muscle)

Front 47

How does

Transversus Thoracis muscle contributes to respiration?

Back 47

Weakly depresses ribs

(in normal expiration)

Front 48

How does

Scalene muscle contributes to respiration?

Back 48

Raises/Elevates upper ribs

(in normal inspiration)

Front 49

Summarize 3 types of scalene muscles functions and position

Back 49

3 types of Scalene: elevation of the upper ribs

Front 50

Summarize muscles of thoracic wall contribution to respiration

Back 50

see cmap "ANAT 315_Muscles of the thoracic wall" (important!)

Front 51

Diaphragm - have an idea where it is

Back 51

= muscle for inspiration

Front 52

Enumerate the neurovascular structures of the thoracic cage

Back 52

see cmap "ANAT 315 - Neurovascular supply of thoracic wall"

Front 53

Where are the Internal thoracic (mammary) a. & v.?

Back 53

* Internal thoracic (mammary) a. = branch of the subclavian art.

* Internal thoracic (mammary) v. = branch of the brachiocephalic v.

Front 54

Where are the Intercostal art. & ve.?

Back 54

see cmap "ANAT 315 - Neurovascular supply of thoracic wall"

Front 55

Identify where are the subcostal arteries & veins?

Back 55

Front 56

Where are the Thoracic Spinal nerves?

Back 56

see cmap "ANAT 315 - Neurovascular supply of thoracic wall"

Front 57

Where are the division of a typical intercostal nerve?

Back 57

.

Front 58

In short, what is the term for the neurovessels order for muscles of the thoracic cage?

Back 58

VAN

*Vein

*Artery

*Nerve

Front 59

Summarize positions of neurovascular supply for the thoracic wall

Back 59

.

Front 60

Definition of DERMATOME

Back 60

an area or strip of skin that is supplied by a

SINGLE spinal nerve

Front 61

Enumerate the clinically important dermatomes and their location

Back 61

* T4: nipple

* T10: umbilicus

Front 62

Name and identify the regions of the abdomen

Back 62

Front 63

Enumerate the muscles of the abdomen

Back 63

1. Rectus abdominis

2. Oblique:

a. External

b. Internal

(while the Neck has Obliquus capitalis as a m.)

3. Transversus abdominis

Front 64

OBLIQUE muscles layers

Back 64

1. External (on the outer side)

2. Internal (on the inner side)

PS: on each side (L vs R), there are both the external and internal layer

Front 65

INTERNAL OBLIQUE muscles - Muscle fiber orientation

Back 65

Begin as superior-anterior and transition to inferior-anterior

Front 66

EXTERNAL OBLIQUE muscles - Muscle fiber orientation

Back 66

Inferior-Anterior

(always. No transition from sup.-ant. like Internal oblique m.)

Front 67

OBLIQUE muscles - their functions

Back 67

1. Compress abdominal contests (compress the lower thoracic cavity to aid expiration)

2. Lumbar flexion (flexion of the trunk)

3. Contralateral trunk rotation (rotate trunk to the opposite side)

Front 68

Identify the RECTUS ABDOMINIS muscles

Back 68

.

Front 69

RECTUS ABDOMINIS muscles - their functions

Back 69

* Compression of abdominal content

* Flexion of the vertebral column (flexion of the trunk)

Front 70

The appearance of the "6-pack" is due to what structures?

Back 70

Due to the Tendinous Intersections (~3) on the Rectus Abdominis muscle

-> the number of packs a person displayed is determined by the number of bands of fascia (a kind of connective tissue) crossing the abdominal region (wiki)

Front 71

What is a linea alba?

Back 71

LINEA ALBA= oblique muscles and transversus abdominis become aponeuroses (flat broad tendons) that invest around Rectus Abdominis

Front 72

Organization of the rectus sheath ABOVE the Arcuate Line

Back 72

(in blue)

Front 73

Organization of the rectus sheath BELOW the Arcuate Line

Back 73

(in green)