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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why NII was unsuited to rule- problems he faced |
- khodynka field tragedy= 1400 died due to lack of organisation- tsar seemed not to care ie ball= ‘bloody N’ -lacked political knowledge + training + didn’t want power -gov was extremely complicated for an autocracy |
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Why NII was unsuited to rule- attitude |
-‘maintaining to principle of autocracy just as firmly’ -believed democracy would bring the collapse of Russian empire - intolerant to those who did not fit his view of a ‘true Russian’ |
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Why NII was unsuited to rule- personally unsuited |
- father died unexpectedly -'unfit to run a village post office' -'kind, sensitive naive' -made foolish decisions |
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sergei witte who n what did he want |
1892 minister of finance wanted to modernise Russia |
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sergie witte economic reform |
using state captialism gold standard 1897 in hope to create financial stability railway track- 1891=31,220km, 1900=53,230 industrial growth 1898-1913=96.8% |
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criticisms of witte |
made russia too dependent on foreign loans paid no attention to agricultural needs |
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why was economic reform necessary |
improve standards for living quite unrest improve military catch up with rivals improve transport/ communications |
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scale of industrial growth |
industrial output x7 during witte's 10 yrs grain 1st in revenue growth rate of economy 9% a year thus towns increased in size- st petersburg 2 mill people - moscow fastest growing after new york |
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long term prospects? stability? |
gold standard added prestige + attract foreign captial development in industrial led to structural unbalances + adversely affected agricultural sector tho russia was mainly agricultural relied too heavily on traditional fiscal structure heavy tax on peasants wages were 1/3 of those in europe |
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why unrest in countryside beginning 20th c |
1902= worst outbreak of peasant lawlessness since 1660s due to; -farming methods -land -Mir -famine |
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unrest countryside 20th c - farming methods |
-strip farming = insufficient, wasted time moving strips, land was left, no incentive to improve land, rotation meant 3 left fallow each year -crop yields were low |
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unrest in countryside- land |
-back to 1861 land complaints after emancipation - betrayyed by emancipation = nobles owned land for free -redemption payments caused debt -land often too small to make a living -pop grew rural 74 mill to 164 mill -peasant land holding shrunk 35 acres in 1877 to 28 acres in 1905 -peasant land bank -resettlement bureau encouraged migration to siberia to farm 'virgin land' |
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unrest in countryside - Mir |
=self governing in absence of local gov- collected taxes, redemption payments, selected conscripts -quite democratic tho older richer peasants had more say -peasants could not move freely without permission |
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unrest in countryside- famine |
-shortages were regular -serious in 1891-17 of russias 59 provinces, hundred of thousands died -gov partly responsible due to taxing consumer goods + making peasants sell more grain -famine relief done mainly through voluntary organisations+ gov was slow to respond |
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Why did urban workers pose a threat to tsarist regime |
10 mill by 1905 that were former peasants - many retained links to villages Pop of St Petersburg = 1.5 mill by 1900 End of great spurt nearly 10 mill workers Terrible conditions, long hours(11) Often militant as they resented conditions but taking part in strike could result in 3 weeks prison = massive strikes in 1896-7 from St Petersburg textile workers Wire dealt w it with police n army= ‘the hangman |
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The okhrana |
Rep for ‘all powerful all knowing n all capable’ Goal was to destroy subversive organisations- thus extensive powers to arrest n infiltrate opposition groups 1900 only 2500 agents but by 1905 okhrana infiltrates leadership of SDs n SRs |
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Sergei zubatov |
Head of Moscow okhrana 1896 Introduced ‘police socialism’= -investigated workers complaints about abuses in factories -attempted control of emerging unions -provided sick pay + unemployment benefit Spread to other Russian cities however gov ended policy n sacked zubatov 1903 |
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Okhrana- uni life |
University statue 1884= -banned clubs + societies on uni campus -emphasised traditional subjects -banned women from higher education |
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Okhrana - surveillance |
1900 had records on 55,000 people, collections of 5000 publications by revolutionary groups + 20000 photos of suspect radicals |
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Opposition to tsarism- peasant |
Made up 80% of pop 1894 Fearing discontent NII introduced series of counter reforms- taking away freedoms peasants enjoyed since 1860s= -land captains replaced zemstvos as key local authority managing work of peasants + administered law + order -lost right to elect people to local zemtvos as land captains made final decision |
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Opposition to tsarism - working class |
Made up 4% of population in 1894 - emerging due to wittes attempt to industrialise economy in 1890s Better paid than peasants but work was dangerous + conditions were **** - large slums in vyborg+ shuliavka= higher mortality rate than peasants Had to work 12 hours some up to 17 + managers could beat employees + subject them to verbal abuse+ body searches Led to strikes + growth of socialist groups in cities |
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League of liberation |
1903 middle class opponents of autocracy led by pavel milyukov + pytor Struve Bourgeois made up 1.5 of pop in 1894 n tended to want to democratise- demands tended to be reformist or liberal |
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The league of liberation demands |
Published programme in early 1904 following its first congress held in St Petersburg putting forward political social + economic demands= -end to autocracy - democratic gov based on universal suffrage - maximum 8 hour working day -redistribution of land to peasants -self determination for all nations a part of Russian empire |
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Consequences of autocracy |
Corruption- officials claimed to be reps of the tsar thus having absolute power Limited civil society- NII outlawed trade unions + persecuted religious groups Tsars isolation- refused to recognise Russia’s problems + advisers unwilling to contradict him |
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Nationalism+ Russification |
Between 1884-1905 used Russification to control empire Development to develop of national feeling in parts of Russia- Ukraine, Finland, Poland -imposition of Russian of official language of gov + justice systems in Baltic states -promotion of Russian culture in primary schools -suppression of non Russian cultures - established Russian language unis like lur’ev in Estonia |
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Russification in Finland |
1899 general Nicholas bobrikov (Governor General of Finland) abolished finnish legal system replaced with Russian law. Effectively abolished Finnish parliament + army 1903 ‘temporary regulations’ introduced 1881 in Russia extended to Finland giving okhrana wide ranging powers= unrest, bobrikov assassinated 1904 + fins played active role in 1905 revolution |
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Promoting orthodoxy |
-parish clergy increased 60% -10 fold increase in church schools+ students they educated around 15x -missionaries sent to establish new churches in Baltic state where Protestantism was popular Thus people converting orthodoxy doubled 1881-1902 but in urban areas decline in orthodoxy church attendance |
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Prosecuting other faiths |
-no Christian churches other than orthodox allowed to proselytise -other religious schools closed + replaced with gov run schools -gov confiscated property of Armenian church |
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Anti Semitic - education |
Opportunities were limited by enforced quotas, Jews could make up no more than: 10% of students in uni within the PALE OF JEWISH SETTLEMENT + no more than 3% of Russia’s major citues |
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Anti Semitic- residency |
May laws introduced 1882 banned Jews from living in rural areas- finally repealed 1905 Some cities like Moscow n Kiev campaigns to expel Jews from cities |
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Anti Semitic- violence |
Number of pogroms increased- 1903-4 =49 pogroms |
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Anti Semitic- emigration |
Growing violence n persecution lead to mass emigration most leaving to US+ Latin America Gov saw this as a good solution to the ‘Jewish problem’ |
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Composition of the league + conflict with gov |
Represented two groups- ideas of urban middle class intellectuals and people who held positions in zemtvos= represented liberal opinion in country and city Gov beloved league was dangerous therefore okhrana arrested leading members soon after its first congress |
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Opposition to tsarism- SDs |
Marxist Russian social democratic Labour Party established in 1898 inspired by Karl Marx obviously |
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Opposition to tsarism- SDs |
Marxist Russian social democratic Labour Party established in 1898 inspired by Karl Marx obviously |
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Divisions in SDs |
Russian Marxists disagreed fundamentally on the strategy -Lenin and bolsheviks argued proletariat too weak poorly educated to create revolution- therefore RSDLP should be vanguard party (small secretive party of professional revolutionaries) - julius Martov and Mensheviks argued RSDLP should be a mass party which educated + organised the proletariat |
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SRs + political violence |
Founded 1902 stressed needs of Russia’s peasants- main aim = land reform also believing Mirs (peasant communes) could become basis of new socialist society Viktor Chernov leading figure argued proletariat and peasants overthrow tsar Some influenced by anarchism and nihilism stressing importance of revolutionary violence= radicals responsible for assassination of: -Nikolay bogolepov tsars education minister in 1901 -vyacheslav von plehve minister of interior 1904 |
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SRs + political violence |
Founded 1902 stressed needs of Russia’s peasants- main aim = land reform also believing Mirs (peasant communes) could become basis of new socialist society Viktor Chernov leading figure argued proletariat and peasants overthrow tsar Some influenced by anarchism and nihilism stressing importance of revolutionary violence= radicals responsible for assassination of: -Nikolay bogolepov tsars education minister in 1901 -vyacheslav von plehve minister of interior 1904 |
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Failure of opposition groups- divisions |
Remainded small with no more than 100,000 members between them by 1905 Profoundly divided: -liberals wanted reforms to guarantee political rights whereas socialists wanted full scale revolution to change social and economic structure -RSDLP divides between Mensheviks and bolsheviks and SRs in issue of violence |
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Failure of opposition- repression + striking |
Gov extremely successful at neutralising opposition: -okhrana exiled leading radicals -Lenin exiles to Siberia -parcel milyukov and pytor Struve both banned for first congress of league of liberation Police + army used extreme violence to end strikes- on almost 800 occasions between 1900-02 |
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Failure of opposition- ukase + illiteracy |
Tsar issued ukase in dec 1904 stating gov would respect individuals rights- dividing liberals= some believed this was first step to liberal reform others recognised it would never be implemented SRs and RSDLP both relied on newspapers but vast majority of Russian peasants could not read |
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Russo Japanese war |
Lasted feb 1904 to September 1905= one of main truffle for 1905 revolution Caused by imperialist expansion intentions into China |
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Russo Japanese war |
Lasted feb 1904 to September 1905= one of main truffle for 1905 revolution Caused by imperialist expansion intentions into China |
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Russo jap war- military defeats |
Racist NII assumed Russian victory but: -Russians forced to surrender port Arthur in jan 1905 -Russian Baltic fleet defeated by Japanese navy at battle of Tsushima in May 1905 |
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Russo jap war- economic + political problems |
Japan has highly advanced industrial economy and well organised government compared to Russia backward economy and incompetent leaders |
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Russo jap war- economic + political problems |
Japan has highly advanced industrial economy and well organised government compared to Russia backward economy and incompetent leaders |
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Political consequences of Russo jap war |
Economy could no longer meet the needs of population- food prices rose while wages stayed the same thus strikes n protests ensued Exposed NII incompetence as he: -refused to listen to bad news -rejected realistic assessments by ministers like witte who knew economy too weak -trusted religious advisers who promised Russian victory |
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Russo jap war- economic + political problems |
Japan has highly advanced industrial economy and well organised government compared to Russia backward economy and incompetent leaders |
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Political consequences of Russo jap war |
Economy could no longer meet the needs of population- food prices rose while wages stayed the same thus strikes n protests ensued Exposed NII incompetence as he: -refused to listen to bad news -rejected realistic assessments by ministers like witte who knew economy too weak -trusted religious advisers who promised Russian victory |
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Bloody Sunday |
Jan 1905 priest father gapon lead 150,000 protesters to winter palace to present petition for better pay+ conditions Local officials called army to maintain control opening fire on crowd = 200 killed + 800 wounded |
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Russo jap war- economic + political problems |
Japan has highly advanced industrial economy and well organised government compared to Russia backward economy and incompetent leaders |
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Political consequences of Russo jap war |
Economy could no longer meet the needs of population- food prices rose while wages stayed the same thus strikes n protests ensued Exposed NII incompetence as he: -refused to listen to bad news -rejected realistic assessments by ministers like witte who knew economy too weak -trusted religious advisers who promised Russian victory |
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Bloody Sunday |
Jan 1905 priest father gapon lead 150,000 protesters to winter palace to present petition for better pay+ conditions Local officials called army to maintain control opening fire on crowd = 200 killed + 800 wounded |
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Consequences of Bloody Sunday massacre |
United opposition groups Undermined myth that tsar was caring ‘little father’ - radical propaganda argued tsar cared nothing for his people Wave of protests= by feb 1905 400,000 went on strike in response to massacre |
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Russo jap war- economic + political problems |
Japan has highly advanced industrial economy and well organised government compared to Russia backward economy and incompetent leaders |
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Political consequences of Russo jap war |
Economy could no longer meet the needs of population- food prices rose while wages stayed the same thus strikes n protests ensued Exposed NII incompetence as he: -refused to listen to bad news -rejected realistic assessments by ministers like witte who knew economy too weak -trusted religious advisers who promised Russian victory |
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Bloody Sunday |
Jan 1905 priest father gapon lead 150,000 protesters to winter palace to present petition for better pay+ conditions Local officials called army to maintain control opening fire on crowd = 200 killed + 800 wounded |
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Consequences of Bloody Sunday massacre |
United opposition groups Undermined myth that tsar was caring ‘little father’ - radical propaganda argued tsar cared nothing for his people Wave of protests= by feb 1905 400,000 went on strike in response to massacre |
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1905 - peasant revolt |
Resent turned into revolution- by summer authorities lost control of around 15% of rural Russia - worst in black earth region in western Russia - violence against gov officials, landowners, gov property - zemtvos petitioned demanding land organised by moderate SRs -land seizures |
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1905- national minorities |
National minorities rebelled = general strikes in baltic states and violence in cities such as Warsaw and Łódź in Poland 1905 revolution dramatic impact on Finland= by early November tsar forced to end policy of Russification and restore traditional rights |
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1905- national minorities |
National minorities rebelled = general strikes in baltic states and violence in cities such as Warsaw and Łódź in Poland 1905 revolution dramatic impact on Finland= by early November tsar forced to end policy of Russification and restore traditional rights |
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1905 - military unrest |
Mutiny of battleship Potemkin June = soldiers rebelled against officers due to rotten food and took control of the ship. Sailed to Odessa where they fired on gov forces which were trying to suppress revolution in the city. Eventually fled to Romania End of year there were mutinies of troops stationed in major cities= mutiny of sailors at Kronstadt naval base in Oct |
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1905- urban unrest |
Strikes broke out on masses often focused on Jews- Oct in Odessa at least 400 jews killed + 1600 Jewish homes destroyed |
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1905- urban unrest |
Strikes broke out on masses often focused on Jews- Oct in Odessa at least 400 jews killed + 1600 Jewish homes destroyed |
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1905- St Petersburg soviet |
By autumn revolution more radical- August manifesto failed to end unrest General strike sep- Oct by end of 1905 over 2.7 mill workers on strike |
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1905- urban unrest |
Strikes broke out on masses often focused on Jews- Oct in Odessa at least 400 jews killed + 1600 Jewish homes destroyed |
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1905- St Petersburg soviet |
By autumn revolution more radical- August manifesto failed to end unrest General strike sep- Oct by end of 1905 over 2.7 mill workers on strike |
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Nature of soviet |
Elected committee of 500 delegates representing 200,000 workers across 147 factories- majority of elected= mensheviks Initially set up in Oct to coordinate the strike but soon took over important aspects of running the whole city |
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1905- urban unrest |
Strikes broke out on masses often focused on Jews- Oct in Odessa at least 400 jews killed + 1600 Jewish homes destroyed |
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1905- St Petersburg soviet |
By autumn revolution more radical- August manifesto failed to end unrest General strike sep- Oct by end of 1905 over 2.7 mill workers on strike |
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Nature of soviet |
Elected committee of 500 delegates representing 200,000 workers across 147 factories- majority of elected= mensheviks Initially set up in Oct to coordinate the strike but soon took over important aspects of running the whole city |
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Impact of the soviet |
By end of October 50 towns across Russia had their own soviets linked to large scale strikes Also started political campaigns- 8 hr working day + encouraged workers to not pay tac |
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Trotskys role in soviet |
Leader, intellectual + revolutionary Leading role among RSDLP who were apart of the soviet Helped soviet avoid confrontations with gov and employers by urging soviet to act pragmatically and abandon more radical demands |
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Trotskys role in soviet |
Leader, intellectual + revolutionary Leading role among RSDLP who were apart of the soviet Helped soviet avoid confrontations with gov and employers by urging soviet to act pragmatically and abandon more radical demands |
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End of soviet |
Closed by forced install December- tsarist troops stoned meeting while Trotsky was speaking In response Bolshevik lead armed uprisings in Moscow but crushed by loyal tsarist soldiers leaving 1000 dead By December tsar I’m stronger position- October manifesto won majority of middle class liberals Crushing the soviets effectively brought end to 1905 revolution |
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Trotskys role in soviet |
Leader, intellectual + revolutionary Leading role among RSDLP who were apart of the soviet Helped soviet avoid confrontations with gov and employers by urging soviet to act pragmatically and abandon more radical demands |
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End of soviet |
Closed by forced install December- tsarist troops stoned meeting while Trotsky was speaking In response Bolshevik lead armed uprisings in Moscow but crushed by loyal tsarist soldiers leaving 1000 dead By December tsar I’m stronger position- October manifesto won majority of middle class liberals Crushing the soviets effectively brought end to 1905 revolution |
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NII response- failure of August manifesto |
Began to show signs of compromise. Witte hoped manifesto would divide opposition this closer to ending revolution Promised to establish elected consultative assembly or duma Also set out complex electoral system which gave all Russian men right to vote but votes of bourgeois more than the workers n peasants |
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Trotskys role in soviet |
Leader, intellectual + revolutionary Leading role among RSDLP who were apart of the soviet Helped soviet avoid confrontations with gov and employers by urging soviet to act pragmatically and abandon more radical demands |
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End of soviet |
Closed by forced install December- tsarist troops stoned meeting while Trotsky was speaking In response Bolshevik lead armed uprisings in Moscow but crushed by loyal tsarist soldiers leaving 1000 dead By December tsar I’m stronger position- October manifesto won majority of middle class liberals Crushing the soviets effectively brought end to 1905 revolution |
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NII response- failure of August manifesto |
Began to show signs of compromise. Witte hoped manifesto would divide opposition this closer to ending revolution Promised to establish elected consultative assembly or duma Also set out complex electoral system which gave all Russian men right to vote but votes of bourgeois more than the workers n peasants |
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Liberal reaction to August manifesto |
Failed to win over liberals: - proposed duma was to be consultative rather than legislative - electoral system excluded national minorities - electoral system did not include equal voting - set no date for first elections - contained no guarantee of individual rights or press freedom Contained nothing to appease workers or peasants |
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Trotskys role in soviet |
Leader, intellectual + revolutionary Leading role among RSDLP who were apart of the soviet Helped soviet avoid confrontations with gov and employers by urging soviet to act pragmatically and abandon more radical demands |
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End of soviet |
Closed by forced install December- tsarist troops stoned meeting while Trotsky was speaking In response Bolshevik lead armed uprisings in Moscow but crushed by loyal tsarist soldiers leaving 1000 dead By December tsar I’m stronger position- October manifesto won majority of middle class liberals Crushing the soviets effectively brought end to 1905 revolution |
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NII response- failure of August manifesto |
Began to show signs of compromise. Witte hoped manifesto would divide opposition this closer to ending revolution Promised to establish elected consultative assembly or duma Also set out complex electoral system which gave all Russian men right to vote but votes of bourgeois more than the workers n peasants |
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Liberal reaction to August manifesto |
Failed to win over liberals: - proposed duma was to be consultative rather than legislative - electoral system excluded national minorities - electoral system did not include equal voting - set no date for first elections - contained no guarantee of individual rights or press freedom Contained nothing to appease workers or peasants |
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October manifesto |
August manifesto alienated middle class so responded with this decree which introduced seemingly radical constitutional reform winning over significant section of middle class: - greater freedoms = gov would respect individual rights allow greater press freedom expression and freedom of assembly -elected representation= universal suffrage for all men with equal voting rights -elected duma with power to veto new laws -political parties and trade unions would be legalised |
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Response of opposition groups to October manifesto |
Divided opposition Vast majority of liberals welcomed manifesto as step toward a constitutional monarchy- hoping end to autocracy to establish liberal democratic regime Radical liberals n socialist rejected manifesto as did not give enough power to duma+ failed to address land reform n workers rights St Petersburg soviet called for general strike over manifesto |
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Response of opposition groups to October manifesto |
Divided opposition Vast majority of liberals welcomed manifesto as step toward a constitutional monarchy- hoping end to autocracy to establish liberal democratic regime Radical liberals n socialist rejected manifesto as did not give enough power to duma+ failed to address land reform n workers rights St Petersburg soviet called for general strike over manifesto |
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Renewed violence |
Tsar aides by renewed violence - union of Russian people founded nov 1905 and black hundreds began pogroms against Jews n street fights with striking workers. Union fought for ‘orthodoxy autocracy and nationality’= key principles of tsarist Racist violence increased in nov = contemporary newspapers indicate thousands of Jews died = this racist nationalism helped turn tide of revolution as patriotism main support of tsarism |
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Response of opposition groups to October manifesto |
Divided opposition Vast majority of liberals welcomed manifesto as step toward a constitutional monarchy- hoping end to autocracy to establish liberal democratic regime Radical liberals n socialist rejected manifesto as did not give enough power to duma+ failed to address land reform n workers rights St Petersburg soviet called for general strike over manifesto |
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Renewed violence |
Tsar aides by renewed violence - union of Russian people founded nov 1905 and black hundreds began pogroms against Jews n street fights with striking workers. Union fought for ‘orthodoxy autocracy and nationality’= key principles of tsarist Racist violence increased in nov = contemporary newspapers indicate thousands of Jews died = this racist nationalism helped turn tide of revolution as patriotism main support of tsarism |
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Tsars position November 1905 |
Opposition split tsar much stronger position But majority of workers still on strike and Trotsky and other soviet leaders determined to continue fight for workers rights |
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Recovery of tsarist power- returning troops |
End of Russo jap war- NII ordered 100,000 troops to be recalled to end revolution Troops loyal to tsar because weren’t exposed to radical propaganda + ministry of war given in to demands of soldiers to win back loyalty: - army pay doubled - rations increased - new clothing issued Mutinies in army all but ceased in December |
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Recovery of tsarist power- returning troops |
End of Russo jap war- NII ordered 100,000 troops to be recalled to end revolution Troops loyal to tsar because weren’t exposed to radical propaganda + ministry of war given in to demands of soldiers to win back loyalty: - army pay doubled - rations increased - new clothing issued Mutinies in army all but ceased in December |
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Recovery of tsar power- crushing st Petersburg soviet |
- okhrana arrested leading figures - declared martial law - police+ army stormed factories and meetings of the soviets arresting rebel workers Unrest continued into 1906 but suppression of st Petersburg and Moscow soviets destroyed hopes of overthrowing the tsar |
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Recovery of the tsar- why did he survive |
- most of 1905 protests were uncoordinated - October manifesto successfully divided opposition -concessions to soldiers won loyalty - workers overwhelmed by force of returning troops -popular support from union of Russian people and black hundreds |
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Recovery of tsarist power- electoral law |
Electoral law of December 1905 failed to give liberals what they wanted: - Duma would be selected by indirect elections - soldiers women and some workers not enfranchised -votes not equal |
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Recovery of tsarist power- electoral law |
Electoral law of December 1905 failed to give liberals what they wanted: - Duma would be selected by indirect elections - soldiers women and some workers not enfranchised -votes not equal |
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Recovery of tsarist power- partial recovery? |
Autocracy not fully restored: - political parties and trade unions legalised -new 1906 duma could veto laws - peasant n national minority protests continued into 1906 - forced to end policy of Russification in Finland |
