The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation

Front 1

Boyle's Law

Back 1

The relationship between pressure and volume

⬆️vol= ⬇️pressure (inspiration)

⬇️vol= ⬆️pressure (exhalation)

Front 2

Muscles that control inspiration

Back 2

Diaphragm; external intercostals

Hint 2

I

Front 3

Muscles that control forceful expiration

Back 3

Internal intercostal; external oblique and rectus abdominus

Front 4

Intrapulmonary pressure is ____ during inspiration

Back 4

⬇️ Down

Front 5

Intrapulmonary pressure is ____ during inspiration

Back 5

⬇️ Down

Front 6

What pressure is always negative and helps to keep the lungs inflated?

Back 6

Intrapleural pressure

Hint 6

Due to-

Surface tension of alveolar fluid

Elasticity of lungs

Elasticity of thoracic wall

Front 7

Intrapulmonary pressure is most negative during

Back 7

Inspiration

Hint 7

When thoracic wall moves outward

Front 8

When the bronchiole constricts, what will happen to resistance?

Back 8

⬆️goes up

Front 9

When the bronchiole contricts, what will happen to airflow?

Back 9

⬇️goes down

Front 10

Name two other factors important in ventilation

Back 10

1. Resistance (w/ in the airways)

2. Lung compliance (how stretchy/ well the lungs inflate)

Front 11

If transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lungs?

Back 11

Atelectasis (lung collapses)

Front 12

Lungs collapse- This is known as a

Back 12

Pneuthorax

Hint 12

Air in the pleural cavity

Front 13

Histamine will ____ bronchioles

-> ____ resistance -> ____ airflow

Back 13

Constrict

⬆️increase

⬇️decrease

Front 14

Epinephrine will _______ bronchioles -> ___ resistance -> ____ airflow

Back 14

Dilate

⬇️ decrease

⬆️increase

Front 15

A decrease in surfactant will result in a _____ in compliance

Back 15

⬇️decrease

Respiratory distress syndrome on a newborn

Front 16

Fibrosis will ___ compliance making it _____ harder to inflate the lungs

Back 16

⬇️decrease

Harder

Front 17

Acetylcholine will ______ bronchioles -> ____ resistance -> ____ airflow

Back 17

Constrict

⬆️increase

⬇️ decrease

Front 18

Why does more CO2 than O2 dissolve in liquid when both gases are at the same pressure?

Back 18

CO2 is more soluble than O2

Hint 18

X20

Front 19

Name the law that explains why more CO2 than O2 dissolve in liquid when both gases are at the same pressure

Back 19

Henry's Law

Front 20

Efficient external respiration depends on 3 main factors- list them.

Back 20

1. Surface area of the respiratory membrane

2. Partial pressure gradients

3. Matching alveolar airflow to pulmonary capillary blood flow.

Front 21

When airflow is restricted so that the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 is high, what happens to the arterioles?

Back 21

Vasoconstriction

Front 22

When airflow is restricted so that the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 is high, what happens to the bronchioles?

Back 22

Bronchodilate

Front 23

When airflow is increased and the partial pressure of O2 is high and CO2 is low, what happens to the arterioles?

Back 23

Vasodilate

Front 24

When airflow is increased and the partial pressure of O2 is high and CO2 is low, what happens to the bronchioles?

Back 24

Bronchoconstriction

(Want air to stay longer)

Front 25

Internal respiration depends on 3 factors- list them

Back 25

1. Temperature (high⬆️)

2. pH (low⬇️)

3. Partial pressures of ⬆️PCO2 and ⬇️PO2

Front 26

Oxygen transport in the blood:

_____% is bound to hemoglobin

Back 26

98.5%

Front 27

Oxygen transport in the blood:

_____% dissolves in plasma

Back 27

1.5%

Front 28

The hemoglobin molecule is composed of ___ polypeptide chains and ___ heme groups containing iron.

Back 28

4; 4

Front 29

What does oxygen bind to?

Back 29

Iron (Fe)

Front 30

After one oxygen molecule (O2) binds to hemoglobin, it is easier for the other molecules to bind to the hemoglobin. This is known as ___________.

Back 30

Cooperative binding

Front 31

From the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, we see the following:

Tissues- partial pressure of oxygen is ___ mmHg

Hemoglobin is ____% saturated

Back 31

40 mmHg

75%

Front 32

From the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, we see the following:

Lungs- partial pressure of oxygen is ___ mmHg

Hemoglobin is ___%

Back 32

104 mmHg

100%

Front 33

Effect of high altitude on lung PO2:

With a decrease of 20 mmHg in the lungs, will the saturation of hemoglobin decrease significantly?

Back 33

No

Front 34

With a decrease of 20 mmHg in the tissues, will the saturation of hemoglobin decrease significantly?

Back 34

Yes

75%➡️40%

Front 35

(With a decrease of 20 mmHg in the tissues, will the saturation of hemoglobin decrease significantly?)

How does this help the tissues?

Back 35

An additional 35% of O2 has been unloaded for tissue use

Front 36

Name the other factors that alter PO2:

Back 36

pH

Temp

PCO2

Front 37

Dalton's Law

Back 37

Pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its % in a gas mixture.

See hint

Hint 37

Law of partial pressure

Front 38

PO2

PCO2

Back 38

Partial pressure of oxygen

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Front 39

During exercise, would an increase or decrease in these factors decrease PO2 hemoglobin saturation, making more O2 available to the tissues?

___pH

___Temp

___PCO2

Back 39

decrease

increase

increase

Front 40

List the %'s for CO2 transport in the blood:

___% dissolved in plasma

___% combined with hemoglobin

___% converted to bicarbonate ions

Back 40

7-10%

20-23%

70%

Front 41

When CO2 binds to hemoglobin, it is called ________

Back 41

carbaminohemoglobin

Front 42

CO2 transport as bicarbonate ions:

CO2 binds with the water to form _____ acid.

Back 42

carbonic

Front 43

CO2 transport as bicarbonate ions:

The catalyst for this reaction is _______ ________.

Back 43

carbonic anhydrase.

Front 44

CO2 transport as bicarbonate ions:

The acid mentioned above (carbonic acid) then dissociates into ____ ions and ____ ions.

Back 44

H+

HCO3 (bicarbonate ions)

Front 45

When bicarbonate ions move out of the RBC, ____ ions move in.

Back 45

chloride (CO-)

Front 46

When bicarbonate ions move out of the RBC, chloride* ions move in.

This is known as the ______ shift.

The reaction occurs in the opposite direction in the lungs so that CO2 can be released.

Back 46

chloride

Hint 46

This maintains electrical neutrality.

Front 47

Haldane effect

Back 47

A decrease in hemoglobin O2 leads to an increase in CO2 loading.

Or, O2 loading facilitates CO2 unloading.

- Hint.

Hint 47

Note: The effect is on CO2 unloading and loading.

Front 48

Bohr effect

Back 48

A decrease in CO2 loading facilitates O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

or, CO2 loading facilitates O2 unloading.

Front 49

Where in the medulla are the neurons that set the basic respiratory rhythm?

Back 49

VRG

(ventral respiratory group)

Front 50

What modifies the VRG medullary center?

Back 50

a. DRG

b. pons - smooth transition between inspiration and expiration.

Front 51

what is the most important stimulus controlling ventilation?

Back 51

Arterial PCO2

Front 52

What ion directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors?

Back 52

H+ ion

Front 53

Arterial PO2 must drop below what to stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors?

Back 53

60 mmHg

Hint 53

are in the aorta, carotid artery, & brain

Front 54

If a person hyperventilates what will happen to the following in the blood?

PCO2 ___

pH____

Back 54

decrease

increase

Front 55

If a person hypoventilates what will happen to the following in the blood?

PO2___

PCO2___

Back 55

decrease

increase

Front 56

What does lung hyperinflation stimulate?

Back 56

stretch receptors

Front 57

The effect on inspiration is _______.

Back 57

to inhibit it

Front 58

What is the reflex for the lungs to inhibit hyperinflation called?

Back 58

Inflation (Hering-Breuer) reflex

Front 59

Dust, smoke, and noxious fumes will stimulate receptors in the airways. Name the receptors.

Back 59

Pulmonary irritant receptors

Front 60

Explain the protective reflexes of the pulmonary irritant receptors:

Back 60

Coughing & sneezing, which remove irritants from the airway.

Front 61

Name four of the six factors that probably increase ventilation during exercise:

Back 61

a. learned responses/neural input from the motor cortex

b. receptors in muscles &joints/ increased body temp

c. circulating epinephrine & norepinephrine

d. pH changes due to lactic acid **

Front 62

Inspiratory Neurons in VRG

Start neurons...

Back 62

-Like SA node, they depolarize on their own

-send signals to diaphragm and EIM

-Fire for 2 seconds

INSPIRATION

2 seconds

Front 63

Inspiratory Neurons in VRG

Stop Neurons...

Back 63

Inhibit the start neurons for 3 seconds

This causes diaphragm and external intercostal muscles (EIM) to relax

EXPIRATION

3 sec

Hint 63

total is 5 sec with inspiratory