The Language Of Medicine Ch 14 Lymphatic And Immune Systems

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adaptive immunity

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Ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them. Humoral (B cells) and cell mediated immunity (T cells) are examples

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adenoids

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Mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx

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antibody

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Protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens

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Antigen

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Substance that the body recognizes as foreign. Evokes an immune response. Most antigens are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells

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Axillary nodes

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Lymph nodes in the armpit

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B cell (B lymphocyte)

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Lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies. The B refers to Bursa of fabricius, and Organ and birds in which B cell differentation and growth were first noted to occur

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Cell Mediated immunity

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T cells (cytotoxic, helper and suppressor) that response to antigens and destroy them. A type of adaptive immunity

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Cervical nodes

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Lymph nodes in the neck region

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Complement system

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Proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target

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Cytokines

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Protein secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction. Examples are interferons and interleukins

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Cytotoxic T cells

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Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens. Called cd8-positive T cell

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Dendritic cell

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Antigen-presenting cell. Shows T & B cells what to attack

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Helper T cell

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Lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells. Also called cd4-positive T cell

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Humoral immunity

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B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens. Type of adaptive immunity

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Immunity

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Body's ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs. This includes a natural immunity and adaptive immunity

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Immunoglobulins

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Antibodies such as I GA, IgE, IgG, IgM, IgD. Secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen

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Immunotherapy

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Use of immune cells, antibodies, are vaccines to treat or prevent disease

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Inguinal node

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Lymph nodes in the groin region

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Interferons

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Proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid in regulating the immune response

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Interleukins

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Proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B & T lymphocytes

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Interstitial fluid

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Fluid in the spaces between cells. This fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries

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Lymph

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Thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body

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Lymph capillaries

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Tiniest lymphatic vessels

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Lymphoid organs

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Lymph nodes spleen and thymus gland

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Lymph node

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Collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels. Contains cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) that fight infection

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Lymph vessel

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Carrier of lymph throughout the body. Lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest

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Macrophage

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Large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body. Phag/o means to eat or swallow

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Mediastinal nodes

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Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic cavity

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Mesenteric nodes

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Lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region)

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Monoclonal antibody

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Antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells. Useful in immunotherapy

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Natural immunity

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Protection that an individual is born with to fight infections such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells. It is not antigen-specific and does not elicit memory

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Paraaortic nose

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Lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body

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Plasma cell

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Lymphocytes that secrete antibodies. It matures from B lymphocytes

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Right lymphatic duct

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Lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body. It empties lymph into a large vein in the neck

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Spleen

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Organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood

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Suppressor T cell

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Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B & T cells. Also called a Treg (regulatory T cell)

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T-cell (T lymphocyte)

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Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produced chemicals (cytokines) such as interferona and interleukins that are toxic to antigens

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Tolerance

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The ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigen as self or friendly. Once tolerance is established, immune system will not react against the body

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Thoracic duct

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Large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body (head neck arm and chest). It empties lymph into large veins in the neck

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Thymus gland

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Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response

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tonsils

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Masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx

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Toxin

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Poison. A protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants

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Vaccination

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exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. The response will destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection.

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Vaccine

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Weakened or killed microorganism, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease

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Immun/o

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Protection

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Lymph/o

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Lymph

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Lymphaden/o

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lymph node (gland)

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Splen/o

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Spleen

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Thym/o

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Thymus gland

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Tox/o

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Poison

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Ana-

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Again, anew

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Inter-

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Between

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Severe combined immunodeficiency disease SCID

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Present at birth. Affected infants are born with a deficiency of B cells and T cells, resulting in a lot of immunity small thymus and children have little or no protection against infection

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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs)

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Group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasmas, and neurologic problems. Caused by HIV which destroys helper T cells

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Allergy

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Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen. Occurs when a sensitized person, who has previously been exposed to an hour gin, reacts violently so the subsequent exposure.

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Asthma

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Allergy due to pollen dust and mold

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Hives

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Allergy caused by food or drugs

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Atopic dermatitis

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Allergy. Rash from soaps, cosmetics, chemicals

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Atopy

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A hypersensitivity or allergic state arising from an inherited predisposition. Prone to allergies

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Lymphoma

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Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue. includes Hodgkin disease and non Hodgkin lymphoma

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Hodgkin disease

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Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes. Characterized by lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, fever, weakness, and loss of weight and appetite

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Non-hodgkin's lymphomas

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These include follicular lymphoma (composed of collections of small lymphocytes in a follicle or nodule arrangement) and large cell lymphoma( composed of large lymphocytes that infiltrate nodes and tissues diffusely)

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Multiple myeloma

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malignant tumor of bone marrow cells. Composed of plasma cells with high levels of one of the specific immunoglobulins usually IgG.

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Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

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Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells because of malignant B cells produce a large quantities of IgM which impairs the passage of blood through capillaries in the brain and eyes, causing a hyperviscosity syndrome

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thymoma

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Malignant tumor of the thymus gland

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Allergen

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Substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body. A type of antigen

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Anaphylaxis

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Exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substances

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Atopy

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Hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition

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Cd4 + cells

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Helper T cells that carry the CD for protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to cd4 + infects and kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate number of cd4 + cells

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Hodgkin disease

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Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes. Reed-Sternberg cell is often found on microscopic analysis

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Human immunodeficiency virus HIV

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Virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS

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Kaposi sarcoma

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Malignant lesion associated with AIDS. Arises from the lining of capillaries and appears as red, purple, brown, or black skin nodules

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Non-hodgkin lymphomas

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Group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue. Examples are follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma

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Opportunistic infections

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Infectious diseases associated with AIDS. They occur because HIV infection lowers the body's resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contain

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Protease inhibitor

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Drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV

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Reverse transcriptase inhibitor RTI

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Drug that treats and by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV

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Wasting syndrome

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Weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity. Associated with AIDS

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Cd4 + cell count

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Measures a number of cd4 + cells T helper cells in the blood stream of patients with AIDS. Normal count is between 500 and 1500 cd4 + cells per micromillimeter

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ELISA

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Screening test to detect anti-hiv antibodies in the bloodstream

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Western blot test

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Text to confirm the detection of anti hiv and have bodies in the bloodstream from the ELISA test

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Immunoelectrophoresis

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Test that separates immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD). This procedure detect the presence of abnormal levels of antibodies in patients with conditions such as multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

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Viral load test

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Measurement of the amount of AIDS virus HIV in the bloodstream. Two viral load tests are a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay and NASBA (nucleic acid sequence based amplification) test

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Computed tomography CT scan

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X-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures. These x-ray views show abnormalities in lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland