The Brain

Front 1

classification of the brain

Back 1

1) brain stem
2) cerebellum
3)diencephalon
4) cerebrum

Front 2

cerebellar cortex

Back 2

sheet of gray matter covering the cerebellum
functionally it smooths our body's movements

Front 3

cerebral cortex

Back 3

sheet of gray matter covering the cerebrum

Front 4

lateral ventricles

Back 4

lie in the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the thalamus, paired "C" shaped, seperated by a thin median membrane

Front 5

ventricle

Back 5

expansion of the brain's central cavity filled with CSF

Front 6

third ventricle

Back 6

lies in the diencephalon, connects to the 4th ventricle by the cerebral aquaduct

Front 7

fourth ventricle

Back 7

lies in the brain stem, connects to the central canal of the spinal cord

Front 8

choroid plexus

Back 8

capillary rich membrane on the roof of the brain that forms the cerebrospinal fluid

Front 9

cerebrum

Back 9

the cerebral hemispheres
seperated by longitudinal fissure

Front 10

cerebral aqueduct

Back 10

located in the midbrain, thin tubelike central cavity and connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle

Front 11

gyrus

Back 11

a ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex

Front 12

sulcus

Back 12

a groove between the ridges in the cerebrum

Front 13

fissure

Back 13

deepest depressions or inward folds of the brain

Front 14

brain stem

Back 14

most caudal of the 4 major parts of the brain

Front 15

name the 3 regions of the brain stem

Back 15

1) medulla oblongata
2) Pons
3) Midbrain

Front 16

functions of the brain stem

Back 16

1) acts as a passageway for all fiber tracts running from the cerebrum to the spinal cord
2) innervation of the face and head
3) produces basic life support ( automatic behaviors necessary for survival

Front 17

medulla oblongata

Back 17

most caudal part of the brain stem, continuous with the spinal cord , part of the 4th ventricle

Front 18

nucleus gracilis

Back 18

in the medulla oblongata, relays sensory information to the thalamus

Front 19

nucleus cuneatus

Back 19

in the medulla oblongata, relays sensory information to the thalamus

Front 20

olivary nuclei

Back 20

in the medulla oblongata, looks like an olive, relays to cerebellum from other regions

Front 21

medulla oblongata regulates
(reflex centers)

Back 21

basic rhythm and rate of breathing
hiccuping, coughing, swallowing and sneezing
adjusts force and rate of heartbeat
regulates blood pressure

Front 22

midbrain

Back 22

most rostral of the 3 regions, lies between the diencephalon and the pons

Front 23

corpora quadrigemina

Back 23

largest of the brain nuclei and makes up the tectum
form 4 bumps on the idrsal surface

Front 24

superior colliculus

Back 24

2 of them, called little hills
process visual information

(make up 2 bumps of the Corpora quadrigemina)

Front 25

inferior colliculus

Back 25

2 of them, relay auditory information to the thalamus

(make up 2 bumps of the Corpora quadrigemina)

Front 26

tectum

Back 26

roof of the 4th ventricle

Front 27

red nucleus

Back 27

involuntary muscle activity, red due to rich blood supply and iron pigments in the cell bodies of the neurons

Front 28

substantia nigra

Back 28

embedded in the white matter, regulates motor output

Front 29

cerebral peduncles

Back 29

form verticle "pillars" that seem to hold up the cerebrum, contain ascending and descending tracts to the thalamus

Front 30

Pons

Back 30

2nd region of the brain stem , the bulge between the midbrain and medulla oblongata

forms a bridge between the brain stem and the cerebellum

Front 31

Cranial Nerves attach to the pons and innervate; (nerves 5-8)

Back 31

the skin of the face
chewing muscles
eye moving muscles

Front 32

pontine nuclei

Back 32

relay brain nuclei in a path that connects part of the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

Front 33

cerebellum

Back 33

cauliflower like, the 2nd of the brain's major part, makes up 11% of the mass of the brain

Front 34

function of the cerebellum

Back 34

1) smooths and coordinates body movements
2) Maintains posture and equilibrium

Front 35

cerebellar hemispheres

Back 35

the cerebellum forms 2 separated by a primary fissure

Front 36

cerebellar hemispheres are sundivided into

Back 36

3 lobes

Front 37

3 lobes of the cerebellar hemispheres

Back 37

1) anterior lobe
2) posterior lobe
3) flocculonodular lobe

Front 38

function of anterior and posterior lobes

Back 38

coordinate trunk and limb movement

Front 39

function of the flocculonodular lobe

Back 39

adjust posture to maintain equilibrium and coordinate head and eye movement

Front 40

vermis

Back 40

connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

Front 41

folia

Back 41

platelike ridges on the cerebellum, ie fine ridges

Front 42

Purkinje Cells

Back 42

axons which become the arbor vitale
at the border of gray and white matter

Front 43

Arbor Vitae

Back 43

literally means tree of life
the internal white matter, consists of axons carrying info to and from the cortex

Front 44

cerebellar nuclei

Back 44

axons that relay instructions from the cerebellar cortex to other parts of the brain, for motion

Front 45

superior cerebellar peduncle

Back 45

connect the midbrain to the cerebellum
carries efferent instructions from the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex

Front 46

middle cerebellar peduncle

Back 46

connect the pons to the cerebellum
carries efferent information from the cerebral cortex and pontine nuclei into the cerebellum

Front 47

pontine nuclei

Back 47

relay brain nuclei in a path that connects a portion of the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

Front 48

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Back 48

fiber tracts that connect the medulla to the cerebellum
carries afferent fibers from the vestibular nuclei (equilibrium) and spinal cord into the cerebellum

Front 49

Diencephalon
(di en sef a lon)

Back 49

the third of the four main parts of the brain, forms the central core of the forebrain and is surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres

Front 50

Diencephalon
(di en sef a lon)

consists of 3 paired structures, name then

Back 50

1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Epithalamus

Front 51

thalamus

Back 51

egg shaped paired structure, with the 3rd ventricle in between, forms 80% of the diencephalon

coordinates communication between the 2 hemispheres

Front 52

every part of the brain that communicates with the cerebral cortex must...

Back 52

relay its signal through the thalamus

Gateway to the cerebral cortex

Front 53

anterior nuclei of the thalamus

Back 53

part of the limbic system, information relay

Front 54

medial nuclei of the thalamus

Back 54

conscious awareness of emotional state
integrate sensory information relay to frontal lobes

Front 55

ventral nuclei of the thalamus

Back 55

relays info to and from central nuclei and cerebral cortex

Front 56

ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus

Back 56

relays sensory information

Front 57

ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus

Back 57

relays somatic information to and from primary motor cortex

Front 58

posterior nuclei: Pulvinar

Back 58

integrates sensory info to association areas

Front 59

posterior nuclei: lateral geniculate

Back 59

relays visual information

Front 60

posterior nuclei: medial geniculate

Back 60

relays auditory information to association areas

Front 61

lateral nuclei

Back 61

feedback, integrates emotional with sensory information

Front 62

hypothalamus

Back 62

"below the thalamus"
main visceral control center of the body

Front 63

functions of the hypothalamus

Back 63

1) control autonomic nervous system
2) control emotional response
3) regulates body temp
4) regulates hunger/thirst sensations
5) control of motivational behavior
6) regulation of sleep/wake cycles
7) control of endocrine system
8) formation of memory

Front 64

epithalamus

Back 64

forms part of the roof of the 3rd ventricle and contains one group of brain nuclei called pineal gland

Front 65

pineal glands

Back 65

produces and secretes melatonin

Front 66

cerebrum

Back 66

most rostral part of the brain, made up of 2 cerebral hemispheres and account for 83% of total brain mass

Front 67

longitudnal fissure

Back 67

separates the right and left halves of the cerebrum

Front 68

corpus callosum

Back 68

largest commisural fiber, interconnect corresponding gray areas allowing the 2 hemispheres to work together

Front 69

commissure

Back 69

connects corresponding gyri of the 2 hemispheres

Front 70

projection tracts

Back 70

connect more or less vertically

Front 71

association tracts

Back 71

connect on gyrus to another in the same hemisphere

Front 72

falx cerbri

Back 72

mid sagittal in longitudinal fissure
connects to crista galli (ethmoid)

between cerebral hemispheres

Front 73

cerebralspinal fluid

Back 73

circulates in sub arachnoid space and is reabsorbed into superior sagittal sinus by arachnoid villi

Front 74

arachnoid villi

Back 74

project through the dura mater into superior sagittal sinus and act as a valve

Front 75

cerebrospinal fluid functions

Back 75

1) "floats" the brain, abosrbs shock and cushions
2) transports nutrients, wastes and other chemicals

Front 76

ependymal cells

Back 76

forms a simple epithelium that lines central cavity of the brain and spinal cord

selectively take blood components to form CSF

Front 77

tentorium cerebelli

Back 77

"tent" covering the cerebellum
between the cerebellum and the cerebrum

Front 78

cerebral cortex

Back 78

lobes named according to overlying skull bones

Front 79

primary motor cortex
pre-central

Back 79

controls voluntary motor movement

Front 80

broca's area

Back 80

controls speech production

Front 81

visual cortex

Back 81

processes sensory info from the retina

Front 82

visual association area

Back 82

process visual info by analyzing color, form and movement

Front 83

auditory cortex

Back 83

processes sensory info from the cochlea

Front 84

auditory association area

Back 84

identifies sound, memories of past sounds

Front 85

primary sensory cortex (postcentral)

Back 85

processes sensory input from general somatic touches ( touch pain pressure temp)

Front 86

premotor cortex

Back 86

controls complex movement involving sensory feedback, planning of movements

Front 87

prefrontal cortex

Back 87

integrates input from all other association areas to plan and initiate motor responses

Front 88

cerebral nuclei

Back 88

gray matter internal to the cerebral cortex

Front 89

caudate nucleous

Back 89

deep to lateral ventricles, maintains the pattern and rhythm of movement

Front 90

amygadaloid nucleous

Back 90

almond shaped, partof the limbic system (emotional brain)

Front 91

claustrum

Back 91

focuses visual attention

Front 92

limbic system

Back 92

"emotional" brain, links conscious and unconscious functions

Front 93

reticular activating system

Back 93

determines levels of alertness

Front 94

decussation

Back 94

means crossing
crossing of structures, applies to axons that cross the body midline from right to left of the CNS (or visa versa)

Front 95

basal ganglia or basal nuclei

Back 95

group of brain nuclei
gray matter deep to the cerebral cortex

Front 96

function of basal ganglia

Back 96

1) modulate motor output from the cerebral cortex
2) subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone

Front 97

pyramid

Back 97

carries voluntary motor output from the cerebrum to the spinal cord