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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell |
-the smallest living unit of life. -each piece within a cell has a function that helps organisms grow and survive. -contains organelles -combines with other cells with other similar cells to form tissues that will form organs. |
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Organelles |
Group of complex molecules that help a cell survive. |
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Parts of a cell: Nucleus |
-contains chromosomes and regulates DNA of a cell. -found in eukaryotic cells. -responsible for passing on genetic traits between generations. -contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, a nucleolus, chromatin, and ribosomes. |
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Parts of a cell: Chromosomes |
-highly condensed, thread like rods of DNA. |
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Parts of a cell: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
Genetic material that stores information about the plant or animal. |
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Parts of a cell: Chromatin |
Consists of the DNA and protein that make up chromosomes |
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Parts of a cell: Nucleolus |
-Consist of protein -involved in protein synthesis -synthesizes and it stores RNA (ribonucleic acid) |
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Parts of a cell: nuclear envelope |
-encloses the structures of the nucleus -consists of the inner and outer membranes made of lipids |
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Parts of a cell: nuclear pores |
Involved in the exchange of material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
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Parts of a cell: nucleoplasm |
-The liquid within the nucleus -similar to cytoplasm |
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Cell membrane a.k.a. plasma membrane |
-Thin semi permeable membrane of lipids and proteins. -isolates the cell from its external environment -enabling the cell to communicate with the outside environment -acts as a barrier, keeping cytoplasm in and substances outside |
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Cell membranes: phospholipid bilayer AKA double layer |
-Has the hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing the external environment. The inner layer facing inside of the cell. -while hydrophobic ends facing each other. |
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How does Cholesterol affect the plasma membrane? |
Add stiffness and flexible |
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What does glycolipids do? |
Help the cell to recognize other cells of the organisms |
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What do the different kind of proteins do in the cell membranes? |
-They help give the cells shape -Special proteins help the cell communicate with its external environment -other proteins transport molecules across the cell membrane. |
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Selective permeability |
-Regard to molecule size the cell membrane allows only small molecules to diffuse through it. -typically, oxygen and water can pass through the cell they are also small. -molecules that are soluble can usually pass through the cell membrane |
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How ions get affected by selective permeability? |
-Ions on the cell surface surface also either attracts or repels ions. -ions with opposite charges are attracted to the cell surface |
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Vesicles a.k.a. active transport |
Moves materials within the cell |
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Cell cycle and growth regulation |
The process whereby the cell gets ready to reproduce and reproduces |
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Cell cycle |
The process by which a cell reproduces which involves cell growth, the duplication of genetic material, and cell division. |
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Mitosis |
-Step one Interphase -step two prophase -step three metaphase -step four Telophase -step five cytokinesis |
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Interphase |
Cell prepares for division by replicating it’s genetic and cytoplasmic material |
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Prophase |
-Chromatin thickens into chromosomes in the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate. -Pairs of centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell and spindle fibers begin. -mitotic spindle moves chromosomes around within the cell |
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Metaphase |
Spindle moves to the center of the cell and chromosome pairs align along the center of the spindle structure |
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Anaphase |
The pairs of chromosomes, called sisters, begin to pull a part and may bend. When they are separated they are called daughter chromosomes |
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Telophase |
Spindle disintegrates, the nuclear membrane reform, and the chromosomes revert to chromatin. The membrane is pinched or cell walls begin to form |
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First step of Meiosis |
The same phases as mitosis but happen twice. -interphase (I), prophase (I), metaphase (I), anaphase (I), telophase (I), and cytokinesis (I) Chromosomes crossover, genetic material is exchanged, and tetrads of four chromatids are formed. The nuclear membrane dissolves. Homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and travel to different poles resulting in one cell division for two cells. |
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Ribosomes |
-Involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids -Some are mobile and some are in bedded in through the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Golgi complex a.k.a. Golgi apparatus |
-Involved in synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of the cell. Consists of layers of membranes and located near the nucleus |
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Vacuoles |
-Used for storage, digestion, and waste removal. |
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Cytoskeleton |
Consists of microtubules that help shape and support the cell |
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Cytosol aka cytoplasm |
-The liquid material in the cell -Mostly water, but contains some floating molecules |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
-One is rough: containing ribosomes on the surface -One is smooth does not have a persons on the surface -it is a tubular network that comprises the transport system of a cell |
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Mitochondria |
-Generates ATP and is also involved in cell growth and death. -it does cell signaling and cellular differentiation |
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Cell signaling |
Communications are carried out within a cell |
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Cellular differentiation |
The process whereby a non-differentiated cell comes transformed into a cell with a more specialized purpose |
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Second step of meiosis |
Includes prophase (II), metaphase (II), anaphase (II), telophase (II), and cytokinesis (II) The result is four daughter cells with different set of chromosomes. |
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Transverse plane a.k.a. horizontal plane |
Divides the body into imaginary upper (superior) and lower (inferior or caudal) halfs |
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Sagittal plane |
Divides the body, Or any other body part, vertically into right and left sections, and runs parallel to the midline of the body |
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Coronal plane a.k.a. frontal |
Divides the body, or body structure, vertically into front and back (anterior and posterior) sections; runs vertically through the body at right angles in the midline |
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Medial |
Near to the midline of the body |
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Lateral |
Is the opposite of medial Further away from the bodies midline at the sides |
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Proximal |
Closer to the center of the body |
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Distal |
Further away from the center of the body |
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Anterior |
Structures in Front |
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Posterior |
Structures behind |
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Cephalad and cephalic |
Adverbs meaning towards the head |
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Haploid |
Cells contain half the genetic material of the parent cell |
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Cranial |
Of the skull |
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Caudad |
Adverb meaning towards the tail or posterior |
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Caudal |
Adjective meaning the hindquarters |
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Superior |
Meaning above or close to the head |
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Inferior |
Meaning below or closer to the feet |
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Epithelial tissue |
Cells are doing together tightly example skin tissue |
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Connective tissue |
May be dense loose or fatty Protects and binds body parts Includes bone tissue cartilage tendons ligaments fat blood and lymph |
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Cartilage |
Cushions and provide structural support for body parts Fibrous |
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Blood |
Transports oxygen to cells and removes waste Also carries hormones and defense against disease |
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Bone |
Or tissue that supports and protects after tissues and organs It’s mirror produces red blood cells |
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Muscle tissue |
Help support and move the body Include smooth cardiac and skeletal |
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Nervous tissue |
Located in the brain spinal cord and nerves Neurons that form a network through the body that control responses to change in the external and internal environment Some send signals to muscles and glands to trigger responses |
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Organs |
Groups of tissue that work together to perform specific functions There are 11 major organ systems: integumentary system respiratory system cardiovascular system endocrine system nervous system immune system digestive system excretory system muscular system skeletal system and reproductive system |
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Structure of upper respiratory system |
Includes the nose nasal cavity mouth pharynx and larynx |
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Structure of the lower respiratory system |
Includes the trachea lungs and bronchial tree |
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Structure of the lower respiratory system |
Includes the trachea lungs and bronchial tree |
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The structure of the airway |
Includes the nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx (throat), larynx (voicebox), trachea (wind pipe), bronchi, and bronchiol network. -also contain Cilia that trap microbes and debris and sweep them back toward the mouth. |
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Lungs |
Contains the bronchi and bronchial network. The right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung only has 2 lobes since the heart is on the left side. |
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Bronchial network |
Extend into the lungs and terminate in millions of alveoli (air sacs) |
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Alveoli |
Air sacs Has one cell thick walls to allow for the exchange of gases with the blood capillaries that surround them. |
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Pleural membrane |
Surrounds the lungs to reduce friction between surfaces when breathing. |
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Where are the intercostal muscles |
Located between the ribs |
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What is the Diaphragm |
A dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. |
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Function of the respiratory system |
Supply’s the body with oxygen and rid the body of carbon dioxide |
