Substance Abuse

Front 1

A ____________ is any substance that modifies mind or body function by distorting enhancing, or inhibiting them.

Back 1

Drug. A drug includes any substance which can impair a person’s ability to safely function in society such as:

Illegal controlled substances such as cocaine, heroin and marijuana
Prescription medicines such as valium, and codeine
Alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, ale and distilled liquors
Chemical solvents such as spray paint, glue and gasoline
Natural Plant Intoxicants such as mescaline, psilocybin and peyote.

Front 2

Generally ____________ refers to the psychological attachment to a drug.

Back 2

Addiction.

Front 3

Alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana are called _________ drugs because their use is often believed to lead to the use of other stronger drugs.

Back 3

Gateway. A typical progression of drug use starts with cigarettes and alcohol, and then marijuana before moving on to the stronger drugs, which is why these drugs are often called "gateway" drugs.

Front 4

No prescription is required when purchasing ________ ____ ________ drugs.

Back 4

No prescription is required when purchasing ________ ____ ________ drugs.

Front 5

The pharmacological term for alcohol is ______________.

Back 5

Ethanol

Front 6

Drug assistance programs for drug-dependent employees are called ______________ _____________ ___________.

Back 6

Employee Assitance Programs or EAPs. EAPs can also be known as Cost of Assistance programs.

Front 7

Because drug use can be found in all parts of society regardless of income, education, occupation, social class, and age, it is called an ________ _____________ affliction.

Back 7

Equal Opportunity.

Front 8

_____________ drugs are developed to eliminate the illegality of a drug by modifying a drug into a new compound.

Back 8

Designer. Also known as synthetic drugs or synthetic opioids, these are designed to get around existing drug laws. Often they involve modifying the molecular structure of an existing drug. Ecstasy is an example of a designer drug (today it's illegal and is an illicit drug).

Front 9

_______________ drugs are drug compounds (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter consciousness and/or perceptions.

Back 9

Psychoactive. The two categories of psychoactive drugs are licit (legal) and illicit (illegal).

Front 10

Examples of __________ drugs, include alcohol, tea, coffee, tobacco and over the counter (OTC) drugs.

Back 10

Licit.

Front 11

__________ drugs are illegal to own or use. Some examples are cocaine, LSD and marijuana.

Back 11

Illicit.

Front 12

Methods of drug testing include urine, ________, and saliva

Back 12

Hair. Drug use can be detected in urine for up to 5 days, in saliva for up to 1 day and in hair samples for up to 90 days.

Front 13

Urine drug tests are relatively inexpensive screening tests that detect a variety of abused substances or their _____________ in urine.

Back 13

Metabolites. Metabolites refer to the substances that are produced or left over when the body metabolizes (breaks down) the drugs that have been consumed.

Front 14

The ________ is the primary federal agency responsible for enforcing U.S. drug laws.

Back 14

DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration).

Front 15

The three types of drug users include: experimenters, compulsive users and _____________.

Back 15

Floaters (or chippers). Floaters (chippers) usually don’t maintain their own supply of drugs but prefer to use other’s drugs.

Experimenters primarily restrict drug usage to recreational settings and are motivated by peer pressure and curiosity. Compulsive users are preoccupied with drug use, talk about drugs constantly and devote lots of time and energy to getting high.

Front 16

The first stage of drug addiction is ___________.

Back 16

Relief. In the relief stage, a user experiences satisfaction by escaping from negative feelings such as boredom, anger, stress, fatigue and loneliness.

Front 17

The second stage of drug addiction is increased use, in which the user starts to take increased amounts of the drug. This is followed by _______________, the third stage of drug addiction

Back 17

Preoccupation. The preoccupation phase is characterized by constant concern about the drug.

Front 18

The fourth stage of drug addiction is _______________.

Back 18

Dependency. In the dependency phase (also known as addiction) the user continues to use the drug regardless of physical symptoms (coughing, soreness, blackouts etc).

Withdrawal is considered the fifth and final stage of drug addiction.

Front 19

Drug dependence is made up of both physical and ________________ factors.

Back 19

Psychological. Psychological dependence is mental--it involves a strong craving or desire to use the drug or experience its effects.

Front 20

____________ dependence involves the need to continue using the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms which include sickness and discomfort.

Back 20

Physical. Physical dependence is different from psychological dependence in that there's an actual need to take the drug to avoid physical symptoms.

For some drugs, the dependence is mostly psychological, whereas for others, a user may develop a heavy physical dependence on the drug with just a few uses.

Front 21

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the typical narcotic habit costs _______ per day.

Back 21

$100. It was also revealed that seventy five percent of the prostitutes in major cities are addicted to drugs. Also, heroin addicts must steal about $100,000 per year just to maintain their habit. This is 3 to 5 times the actual cost of the drugs.

Front 22

In a recent study, 65.6% of full time employees reported _____________ use within the past month.

Back 22

Alcohol. The same study noted that 7% reported using illicit drugs in the past month and 9.7% of full time employees admitted to using marijuana in the past year. Two consequences of illicit drug use are lost productivity and increased healthcare costs. Illicit drug use costs American businesses billions of dollars each year.

Front 23

There are four principal factors that affect drug use. __________________ factors refer to how the drug actually affects the body.

Back 23

Pharmacological

Front 24

Another principal factor that affects drug use is _______________.

Back 24

Contextual. Contextual factors refer to how physical surroundings affect drug use; i.e. being at home vs. being in a rock concert or in a dance club.

Front 25

The remaining two principal factors affecting drug use are social and ____________.

Back 25

Cultural. Social factors refer to things such as peers, family background, subculture, etc. that can influence drug use. Cultural factors refer to broader customs and traditions within the society--i.e. in certain cultures, there may be a culture that encourages or promotes the use of alcohol or other substances.

Front 26

The most commonly abused types of drugs include alcohol, tobacco, stimulants, ____________ and depressants.

Back 26

Hallucinogens

Front 27

Cannabis (marijuana), Anabolic Steroids, Inhalants/Organic Solvents and narcotics are also found to be among the ________ commonly abused drugs.

Back 27

Most.

Front 28

Synthetic drugs which result from the altered chemical structures of illicit drugs are called _____________ ___________.

Back 28

Structural analogs. The basic molecular skeleton of an illicit drug is modified to form a new compound. PCP and Ecstasy are probably the most well known examples of synthetic drugs.

Front 29

Drug ___________ is the inappropriate use of OTC or prescription medications.

Back 29

Misuse. Using someone else’s prescription, taking more than the prescribed amount of a medication, using old medicines, mixing drugs and alcohol are all examples of drug misuse

Front 30

_________ _________ is to use a drug in a situation, manner or amount that it causes social, psychological, physical or occupational problems.

Back 30

Drug Abuse.

Front 31

Legal instrumental, illegal instrumental, legal recreational and illegal recreational use are the 4 types of drug use according to ____________.

Back 31

Erich Goode. Instrumental drug use refers to using a drug with a specific functional purpose--not for recreation:

Legal Instrumental Use – taking prescribed or over the counter (OTC) drugs for illness.

Illegal Instrumental Use – using drugs to achieve some goal other than the prescribed use, for example taking pills to stay awake and drive all night.

Legal Recreational Use – licit drug use, alcohol, tobacco, caffeine

Illegal Recreational Use – illicit drug use, cocaine, marijuana etc

Front 32

The most widely used licit social drug is _____________.

Back 32

Alcohol. Legal social drugs, ranked by amount of money spent each year:
Alcohol ($104 billion)
Tobacco ($51.9 billion)
Coffee, Tea and Cocoa ($5.7 billion)

Front 33

According to a recent survey, ______% of Americans have used marijuana in their lifetime.

Back 33

41%. Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug. The same survey reported that 15% had used hallucinogens and 15% had used cocaine in their lifetime.

Front 34

The most common age group to report the most illicit drug use is ____-____.

Back 34

18-25. Males are more likely to use illicit drugs than females and pregnant women are less likely to use drugs than women who are not pregnant.

Front 35

American Indians / Alaska Natives are the racial ethnic group that report the ____________ illicit drug use for the past month

Back 35

Highest. 12.1% of American Indian/ Alaska Natives report illicit drug use in the past month. 12% of Two or more races. 8.7% of Blacks. 8.3% of Whites and 8% of Latino.

Front 36

___________ graduates had the lowest rate of current use of illicit drugs.

Back 36

College. 5.2% of college graduates reported current illicit drug use. High School dropouts had the highest rate of current use of illicit drugs (9%).

Front 37

The ______________ are more likely to use illicit drugs than those who are employed.

Back 37

Unemployed. 18.2% of unemployed persons report illicit drug use compared to only 7.9% of those with full time jobs and 10.7% of part time employees.

Front 38

Also known as narcotics, __________ are a group of analgesic drugs that cause a dreamlike state; high doses can induce sleep.

Back 38

Opioids. "Opioid" is another word for "opiate". Opiates are drugs that contain opium or one of its derivatives. Common opioids include morphine, codeine, heroin and methadone. Opioids depress the central nervous system (CNS).

Front 39

Another word for analgesic is _______________.

Back 39

Painkiller.

Front 40

Alcohol, barbiturates, inhalants, and sleeping pills and sedatives are all _______________.

Back 40

Depressants. Depressants decrease the rate of various vital physiological activities, especially those of the central nervous system.

Front 41

LSD, PCP and mescaline are ________________.

Back 41

Hallucinogens. These drugs alter perceptions of reality. They can affect sense of taste, smell, hearing and vision. Sometimes they are called psychedelics.

Front 42

______________ include cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, caffeine, and nicotine.

Back 42

Stimulants.

Front 43

Drugs prescribed to control symptoms associated with mental problems are called __________________.

Back 43

Psychotherapeutics.

Front 44

MDMA, also known as ___________, produces both stimulant and hallucinogenic effects.

Back 44

Ecstasy. This drug falls under the category of synthetic or designer drugs.

Front 45

Drugs with a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in the US, and declared unsafe are listed under Schedule _____.

Back 45

I. All substances with "no medical use" fall under Schedule I. Examples of Schedule I drugs include heroin, LSD, and marijuana.

Front 46

Drugs with a high potential for abuse, with a currently accepted medical use in the US, whose abuse may lead to severe physical or psychological dependence are listed under Schedule ____.

Back 46

II. Examples include cocaine, opium, and amphetamines.

Front 47

A substance that has less potential for abuse than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II, has a currently accepted medical use in the US, and whose abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence is listed under Schedule ____.

Back 47

III. Examples of Schedule III substances include anabolic steroids and GHB.

Front 48

A drug is categorized as Schedule ____ if it has a low potential for abuse, a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and its abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence.

Back 48

V. Schedule IV drugs have a slightly higher chance of abuse than the Schedule V drugs. What most specifically distinguishes Schedule V drugs from the other schedules is that the drugs are regulated but don't require a prescription

Front 49

The human body strives to maintain its internal environment within a certain range (temperature, blood pressure, etc); this equilibrium is called _______________.

Back 49

Homeostasis.

Front 50

Hormones and ________________ are two types of chemical signals important for maintaining homeostasis.

Back 50

Neurotransmitters.

Front 51

For a drug to be psychoactive, its molecules must be capable of passing through the ________-________ barrier.

Back 51

Blood-brain. The blood-brain barrier is a semipermeable structure that protects the brain from potentially toxic chemicals circulating in the blood. A psychoactive drug is capable of passing this barrier and influencing the brain's activity.

Front 52

Specialized nerve endings that recognize neurotransmitter molecules and cause a change in the electrical activity of the neuron when activated are called _____________.

Back 52

Receptors. In other words, receptors are activated by certain types of neurotransmitter molecules; when they're activated, they change the electrical activity of the nerve that they're part of.

Drugs can either activate or inhibit the neuron depending upon the type of receptor they react with. For example, by inhibiting certain nerve functions, a certain drug can deaden your ability to feel pain, while on the other hand, by activating and stimulating nerve activity, a different drug can cause you to feel things or experience hallucinations.

Front 53

The three components of the nervous system are the central nervous system, the ___________ system, and the autonomic system.

Back 53

Somatic. The somatic system carries sensory information into the CNS and carries motor (movement) information back out. Some examples of the somatic system are: vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch.

Front 54

Heart rate and blood pressure are two of the many functions regulated by the _______________ nervous system.

Back 54

Autonomic. The autonomic nervous system, also referred to as the ANS, regulates the involuntary functions of the body and is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

Many psychoactive drugs have autonomic influences on the body. Some examples of ANS reactions to psychoactive drugs include changes in heart rate, blood pressure, pupil dilation/constriction, sweating and breathing rate.

Front 55

Most of the integration of information, learning and memory occur in the _____________ nervous system.

Back 55

Central. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 56

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative neurological disease involving damage to ____________ neurons.

Back 56

Dopamine. Tremors and rigidity are two symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Similar damage to the dopamine neurons can occur as a side effect of some psychoactive drugs.

Front 57

All reinforcing drugs (drugs that reinforce their use) stimulate dopamine neurons in the ______________ system.

Back 57

Mesolimbic. The mesolimbic system is suggested to be the primary component responsible for the "reward" properties of electrical stimulation of the midbrain or limbic system. According to this theory, drugs lead to dependence because they stimulate this reward system.

Front 58

The neurotransmitter ___________ is found in most areas of the CNS and exerts generalized inhibitory functions.

Back 58

GABA. Many sedative drugs act by enhancing GABA inhibition.

Front 59

The branch of the autonomic system involved in flight or fight reactions is called the ___________ branch.

Back 59

Sympathetic.

Front 60

The _________________ branch of the autonomic system stimulates digestion, slows the heart, and has other effects associated with a relaxed physiological state.

Back 60

Parasympathetic

Front 61

The part of the brain which controls muscle tone is called _________ __________.

Back 61

Basal ganglia. When you stand still in a relaxed posture, your leg muscles are not totally relaxed. If they were, you would fall down in a slump. Instead, you remain standing, partly because a certain level of muscular tension, or tone, is maintained by the output of the basal ganglia.

Front 62

Chemicals in the brain that produce effects similar to morphine and other opium derived drugs are called ____________.

Back 62

Endorphins. Endorphins relieve pain. They are found in the blood as well as in various places in the brain and not all of their functions are known.

Front 63

Dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, and endorphins are all _________________ associated with the actions of the psychoactive drugs.

Back 63

Neurotransmitters

Front 64

Damage to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is associated with _____________ disease.

Back 64

Alzheimer's. Acetylcholine has also been one of the main neurotransmitters studied with regard to the initiation of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, during which most dreaming occurs.

Front 65

Two brain imaging techniques are PET and __________.

Back 65

MRI. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applies a strong magnetic field and then measures the energy released by various molecules as the field is collapsed.

Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET), a radioactive chemical is injected into the bloodstream and a computerized scanning device then maps out the relative amounts of the chemical in various brain regions.

Front 66

The two major _____________ pathways damaged in Parkinson's disease are acetylcholine and the nigrostriatal pathways.

Back 66

Dopamine.

Front 67

The neurotransmitter that is believed to be important for regulating waking and appetite is _______________.

Back 67

Norepinephrine.

Front 68

__________ is a neurotransmitter associated with aggression and regulation of body weight.

Back 68

Serotonin. Some diet drugs contain serotonin. This neurotransmitter has also been associated with depression, suicide and excessive alcohol consumption.

Front 69

____________ is often referred to as the brain's major excitatory neurotransmitter.

Back 69

Glutamate. Like GABA, Glutamate is found throughout the brain, and nearly all neurons have receptors that are activated by it. But, unlike GABA, stimulation of receptors that respond to glutamate makes cells more excitable (as you recall, GABA has inhibitory effects).

Front 70

___________ are the raw materials from which neurotransmitters are made and are found circulating in the blood supply and generally in the brain.

Back 70

Precursors.

Front 71

The forming of a neurotransmitter by the action of enzymes on precursors is called ________________.

Back 71

Synthesis. After the precursor molecule has been taken up into the neuron, it must be changed, through one or more chemical reactions, into the neurotransmitter molecule. This process is called synthesis.

Front 72

Molecules that assist in either the metabolism (breaking down) or synthesis (creation) of another molecule are called ______________.

Back 72

Enzymes.

Front 73

Most drugs are derived directly or indirectly from ___________.

Back 73

Plants. Many plant-produced chemicals have effects on the intestines or muscles; others alter brain biochemistry. In large doses, the effect is virtually always unpleasant or dangerous, but in controlled doses these chemicals can alter the biochemistry just enough to produce interesting or even useful effects. In primitive cultures, the people who learned about these plants and how to use them safely were important figures in their communities.

Front 74

With sales exceeding $160 billion a year, the _________ ______________ industry is one of the largest and most profitable industries in the United States.

Back 74

Legal pharmaceutical. The active ingredients for half of the prescriptions filled consist of only 200 drugs.

Front 75

With sales exceeding $160 billion a year, the _________ ______________ industry is one of the largest and most profitable industries in the United States.

Back 75

Legal pharmaceutical. The active ingredients for half of the prescriptions filled consist of only 200 drugs.

Front 76

_____________ drugs produce wakefulness and a sense of energy and well-being.

Back 76

Stimulant. Some examples of stimulants include cocaine, amphetamines, and caffeine.

Front 77

Most psychoactive drugs can be categorized as stimulants, depressants, opioids, ________________, or psychotherapeutic agents.

Back 77

Hallucinogens.

Front 78

The three types of names that are applied to drugs are the ____________ name, the chemical name, and the brand name.

Back 78

Generic.

Front 79

Another way of saying placebo effect is _____________ effect.

Back 79

Nonspecific. A placebo or nonspecific effect refers to when a patient is given an inactive chemical and it produces a therapeutic effect because the user believes that he is taking an actual drug. At least one-third of psychologically depressed patients treated with placebos show improvement; in some published studies the rates of placebo response have been even higher.

Front 80

The ratio of LD50 to ED50 is one indication of the relative safety of a drug for a particular use or effect and this is called the _______________ index.

Back 80

Therapeutic. The Therapeutic Index (TI) consists of two parts. LD50 indicates the lethal dose for 50 percent of test animals. ED50 is the effective dose for 50 percent of test animals.

Front 81

The dosage difference between an acceptable level of effectiveness and the lowest toxic dose is called the ___________ ___________.

Back 81

Safety margin

Front 82

The amount of drug that must be given to obtain a particular response is called ____________.

Back 82

Potency. The smaller the amount needed to get a particular effect, the more potent the drug.

Front 83

The timing of the onset, duration, and termination of a drug's effect is called the ________ __________.

Back 83

Time Course. The time course of a drug's action depends on many things, including how the drug is administered, how quickly it is absorbed, and how it is eliminated from the body.

Front 84

The two ways psychoactive drugs achieve their effect is either by altering _________________ of the transmitter or by acting directly on the receptor.

Back 84

Availability. Psychoactive drugs can alter the availability of a neurotransmitter by increasing or decreasing the transmitter chemical's rate of synthesis, metabolism, release from storage vesicles, or reuptake into the releasing neuron.

Or the drug might act directly on the receptor, either to activate it or to prevent the neurotransmitter chemical from activating it.

Front 85

Most psychoactive drugs are taken by one of three basic routes: by mouth, ________, or inhalation.

Back 85

Injection. Injection is the fastest way to get the drug to the brain. With intravenous (IV) injection, the drug is put directly into the bloodstream, so the onset of action is much more rapid than with inhalation, oral administration or with other means of injection.

Front 86

Onset of drug effects via ______________ is quite rapid because the capillary walls are very accessible in the lungs, and the drug thus enters the blood quickly.

Back 86

Inhalation. Inhalation comes after injection in terms of how fast the drug takes effect.

Front 87

______________ __________ occurs after using a nasal spray regularly for longer than the recommended period.

Back 87

Congestion rebound. After using a nasal spray for too long, tissues no longer respond and the sinus passages become almost completely obstructed.

Front 88

______________ __________ occurs after using a nasal spray regularly for longer than the recommended period.

Back 88

Congestion rebound. After using a nasal spray for too long, tissues no longer respond and the sinus passages become almost completely obstructed.

Front 89

The most important drug-metabolizing enzymes found in the liver belong to a group known as the _________ family of enzymes.

Back 89

CYP450. CYP450 enzymes always exist in the liver. CYP450 enzymes eliminate toxic chemicals once they are eaten.

Front 90

___________ are inactive in the original form and become active only after they are altered by the liver enzymes.

Back 90

Prodrugs

Front 91

A situation where repeated administration of the same dose of a drug results in gradually diminishing effects is called ______________.

Back 91

Tolerance. The three types are drug disposition tolerance, behavioral tolerance, and pharmacodynamic tolerance.

Front 92

Physical dependence is related to ________________ tolerance.

Back 92

Pharmacodynamic. Pharmacodynamic tolerance occurs when the brain attempts to maintain homeostasis by altering the nervous system’s sensitivity. The brain compensates for the effect of a drug by reducing the amount of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA that is released, or by reducing the number of inhibitory GABA receptors.

If the supply of the drug is abruptly cut off the result is physical withdrawal symptoms (wakefulness, nervousness, hallucinations, seizures etc).

Front 93

_______ is one of the most potent psychoactive drugs.

Back 93

LSD. Potency refers only to the amount of drug that must be given to obtain a particular response. The smaller the amount needed to get a particular effect, the more potent the drug. The effective dose (ED50) for LSD is many thousands of times smaller than that of other psychoactive drugs.

Front 94

One of the most important factors which determine the potency of CNS drugs is the _________ _____________ of the molecules.

Back 94

Lipid solubility. Lipid solubility is the tendency of a chemical to dissolve in fat, as opposed to in water. Only lipid-soluble substances can pass the blood brain barrier.

Front 95

The buildup of a drug in the body after multiple doses taken at short intervals is called _______________ effect.

Back 95

Cumulative.

Front 96

Drug _______________ occur when a drug enhances or inhibits the effect of another drug.

Back 96

Interactions. For example, when alcohol and sleeping pills combine to slow down breathing.

Front 97

In a __________ _________ procedure, neither the patient nor the doctor know whether the subject is receiving a placebo or an experimental drug.

Back 97

Double blind.