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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were the major Greek Spiritual contributions to Western Civilization
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Humanism, our idea on beauty (esthetics), and dualism (soul vs. body)
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What were the major Greek intellectual contributions to Western Civilization
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The greeks taught us philosophy, drama, history, and grammar. They also gave us a political standard of self-governing
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What were some minor greek intellectual contributions to western Civ.
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The Greeks contributed to our ideals of architecture, money, and an alphabet. Architecturally, they applied esthetics; monetarily, they used bullion; and alphabetically the greeks took the phoenician alphabet and applied new sounds and used the extras as vowels.
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What was the role of Geography in Greek history?
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Greece occupied a small penninsula that was only 45000 square miles. The many mountains in greece helped isolate them from each other. The mountains split greece into independent "city-states" causing severe rivalries to form. Greece also had a long sea coast--became good seafarers
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What was the peloponnesus
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This was an island south of the gulf of Corinth. It was connected to the mainland by a narrow land bridge. Had hills, mountains, and small valleys. Home of the spartans and olympia athletic games.
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What was Attica?
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This peninsula was the home of Athens and was located north of the Peloponnesus
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What was Macedonia?
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This land lay north of Thesally. Would become important once King Philip 2 conquered the Greeks.
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Who were the minoans?
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These non-greek peoples were the first civilization to emerge in Aegean region on the island of Crete. They were a bronze age civilzation and were established in 2800 bc. The prime years were 2000 to 1450 bc. When they died, it was either due to tsunami from volcano at Thera. It was probably really pillaged by the Greeks
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What was the Place of Knossus
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Probably the center of the empire, this building was the roal seat of Kings and demonstrated the power of the civilization. The structure was elaborate and built around a center courtyard.
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Labyrinth
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The prison in which Deadolos place the Minotaur.
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Legend, archeology, and history in the Trojan War
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Begins with judgement of Paris when Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite ask him who's the prettiest. He kidnaps Helen when Aphrodite offers her as a bribe. The war thus begins: Trojans vs Mycenean King Agamemnon.
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Legend of Troy
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This war waged for 10 years until the myceneans trick troy with a statue of a horse where they hide members of their army. The gate is opened, the town is pillaged. Kings return to broken power.
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Legend, Archeology, and history of the minotaur story
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King Minos' wife had sex with the bull of the sea and gave birth to the minotaur. Minos pitched people into minotaur (half man half bull)
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Myceneans (1600-1100 bc)
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These indo-european peoples first left their territory in central asia and wound up in Greece around 1900 bc. A warrior people who were ended due to greek invaders.
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Heinrich Schliemann
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A german Archeologist
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Characteristics of Mycenean Civilzation
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The height of the Mycenean was in 1400 to 1200 bc. Especially noted for its fortified palace--centers. Consisted of a number of powerful monarchies.
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The political structure of Mycenaean Civilzation
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Multiple monarchies caused Mycenaea to form in a loose confederation of independent states.
King=Wanax Commander of army, priests and beaurocrats Free Citizens=peasants, soldiers, and artisans Servants and slaves |
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Linear B
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An early form of greek script
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Arete
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The striving for excellence. This was a homeric ideal that was accomplished in a struggle of contest.
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Hoplites
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Heavily armed infantrymen that replaced aristocratic calvary soldiers.
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Phalanx
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Emerged first in the Peloponnesus. Hoplites used this formation to advance in war. It is a rectangular unit that includes hoplites shoulder to shoulder. Depended on solidarity and discipline.
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What were the political repercussions of hoplite warfare?
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The aristocratic calvary was outdated. Therefore, both men of property and peasants were allowed to be hoplites and therefore they bonded. This bridged the gap of class conflict. Hoplites were now able to challenge aristocratic control.
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War and Greek Life
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War became an integral part of greek life "war always existed"
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Prominent features of the greek way of war
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Greek war:
Possessed excellent weapons and body armies Army was citizen based (not mercenaries) Fought head on Displayed effectiveness of heavy infantry |
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Polis and its importance
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Polis is a city state that served as the center of Greek Life. It usually encompassed a town, city, or even a village. Citizens would gather here and partake in political, social, and religious activities. They could also serve as a refuge from attack. It's a community of citizens in which all political, economic, social, and religious activities were focused.
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The Negative impact of the Polis on Greece
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The poleis were all very patriotic and were very much seperate from one another--not a united country.
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The nature of the polis as a community
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Consisted of citizens with political rights, with no political rights, and non-citizens. All citizens possessed rights.
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The physical features of a polis
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Polis' varied greatly in size--they were usually smaller and consisted of a few hundred to several thousand people
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Who was a citizen in a polis?
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Adult males, women and children (slaves and resident aliens were non citizens)
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Class structure of a polis
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1) Adult males
2) Women and Children 3) Slaves |
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The reasons for Greek colonization
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There was extreme poverty and land hunger (caused by the gab b/w rich and poor) overpopulation, and the development of trade caused greece to expand overseas.
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Metropolis
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The "mother" polis
Each new colony was a polis completely independent of its metropolis. |
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Magna Grecia
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So many greek communities were centralized in southern italy that Romans later referred to it as this (aka-Great greece)
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The effects of Greek colonziation
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1. Greek culture was diffused throughout the mediteranean
2. became awar of greek identity and was united 3. Increase in trade and industry (caused new group of wealthy men who strove for political power=political crisis) |
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How tyrants won and used power
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The reign of tyrants = 800 to 700 bc
Due to the wide gap between rich and poor and the new rich merchants, the idea of aristocratic oligarchies was not popular. Tyrannies grew by coup de'atat and used power to build temples, marketplaces, expanded trade, pushed expansion, created jobs, and glorified the city. |
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The fate of tyrannies in Greece
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The children and grandchildren of tyrants became corrupted by their inherited power and were cruel and unjust rulers
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The role of tyrannies in Greek History
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The tyranny era kicked out idea of narrow aristocratic oligarchies, and once era ended, the door was opened for more citizen participation. Gave rise to democracy.
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Sparta
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Located in Laconia along the peloponnesus, this country sought stability and conformity and emphasized order. It was originally a community of 4 villages, they merged to form the polis of Sparta.
They became a strong and unified community--strong enough even to conquer the laconians. |
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Laconia
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The land in which the spartans conquered and laid the foundations for their city-state.
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Perioikoi
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Free inhabitants that aren't citizens but paid taxes and performed military service This was one option for the Laconian capturees.
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Helots
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This was another alternative for the captured Laconians--It means "capture" and has them work on farms and were bound to the land.
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Lessons taught by Theognis of Megara
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He was an exiled aristocratic poet that taught that aristocrats were the only good people and had natural intelligence, virtue, and honor. Lower people were naturally bad and debased.
Therefore, aristocrats shouldn't mix with them. |
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Aeschylus' View
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To greece, a person was not a subject. On the other hand, persians people struggled with freedom and slavery.
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The ionian revolt
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By the mid sixth-century, Ionia had fallen to the Persian empire and soon grew restless. Under miletus, the Ionian cities revolted in 499 bc and succeded in capturing Persians viual satray's capital sardis. But, persians sacked miletus and surpressed revolt. As payback for athens' , darius decided to expand west to mainland greece.
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The battle of Marathon
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Their idea on expansion led the persians to enter into a marathon (36 miles from athens) the athenians and plateans joined forces against persians and won. Persia wouldn't attack mainland greece for another 10 years.
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Lessons taught by Theognis of Megara
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500 bc
He was an exiled aristocratic poet that taught that aristocrats weret he only good people and had natural intelligence, virtue, and honor. Lower people were naturally bad and debased--therefore aristocrats shouldn't mix with them. |
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Aeschylus view
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To greece, a person was not a subject. Persians, meanwhile, struggled with freedom for it's people and slavery.
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The Ionian Revolt
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By the mid sixth-century, Ionia had fallen to the persian empire and soon grew restless. Under Miletus, the ionian cities revolted in 488 bc and succeeded in capturing the Persian's Lydian Satray's capital, Sardis. But, Persians sacked miletus and suppressed revolt. As payback for Athens helping the Ionians, Darius decided to expand west to mainland Greece.
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Themistocles
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During the 10 years, greece got a new leader. He pushed for militaristic changes--in which he proposed a navey. By 480 bc, a 200 vessel nay was created.
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Triremes
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Ships with 3 banks of oars, built during Themistocles' rule.
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Battle of Thermopylae
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The greek plan was to fight holding action at pass of thermopylae. They did this in order to give the greek fleet a chance to fight. The spartan king Leonidas was able to hold off persians for two days, but after a traiter told Persia of the land to the right, the spartans fought to the death.
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Battle of Salamis
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This was a navel battle. The greeks were outnumbered, yet were still able to outmanouvre the persian fleet. Persians remained intact, but Xerxes returned to Asia in fear of Ionian revolt
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The Great Peloponnesian war
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War was between Sparta (including Peloponnesian League) and Athens. The war itself ended in 404 bc wih Greece empire completely dissolved.
This war was fought b/w 431-404 bc |
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Causes of the Peloponnesian War
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Thucydides claims the reason for the war was Sparta's fear of Athenian empire. The immediate cause was the conflicts b/w Athens and Corinth and Megara. The two cities threatened Sparta to help or they'd pull out of the Peloponnesian league. The Spartans made an ultimatum with Athens, whom refused.
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The Plague of Athens
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Pericles was determined that staying within the Greek walls would save his people. But instead, the closed quarters caused the spread of the plague, killing 1/3 of all Athenians.
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Lessons taught by Theognis of Megara
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500 bc
He was an exiled aristocratic poet that taught that aristocrats weret he only good people and had natural intelligence, virtue, and honor. Lower people were naturally bad and debased--therefore aristocrats shouldn't mix with them. |
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Aeschylus view
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To greece, a person was not a subject. Persians, meanwhile, struggled with freedom for it's people and slavery.
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The Ionian Revolt
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By the mid sixth-century, Ionia had fallen to the persian empire and soon grew restless. Under Miletus, the ionian cities revolted in 488 bc and succeeded in capturing the Persian's Lydian Satray's capital, Sardis. But, Persians sacked miletus and suppressed revolt. As payback for Athens helping the Ionians, Darius decided to expand west to mainland Greece.
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Themistocles
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During the 10 years, greece got a new leader. He pushed for militaristic changes--in which he proposed a navey. By 480 bc, a 200 vessel nay was created.
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Triremes
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Ships with 3 banks of oars, built during Themistocles' rule.
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Battle of Thermopylae
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The greek plan was to fight holding action at pass of thermopylae. They did this in order to give the greek fleet a chance to fight. The spartan king Leonidas was able to hold off persians for two days, but after a traiter told Persia of the land to the right, the spartans fought to the death.
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Battle of Salamis
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This was a navel battle. The greeks were outnumbered, yet were still able to outmanouvre the persian fleet. Persians remained intact, but Xerxes returned to Asia in fear of Ionian revolt
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The Great Peloponnesian war
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War was between Sparta (including Peloponnesian League) and Athens. The war itself ended in 404 bc wih Greece empire completely dissolved.
This war was fought b/w 431-404 bc |
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Causes of the Peloponnesian War
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Thucydides claims the reason for the war was Sparta's fear of Athenian empire. The immediate cause was the conflicts b/w Athens and Corinth and Megara. The two cities threatened Sparta to help or they'd pull out of the Peloponnesian league. The Spartans made an ultimatum with Athens, whom refused.
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The Plague of Athens
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Pericles was determined that staying within the Greek walls would save his people. But instead, the closed quarters caused the spread of the plague, killing 1/3 of all Athenians.
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Alcibiades
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He was a foolish ruler and nephew of Pericles, he broke the peace of Nicias after only 6 years. He hoped to invade sicily to get support for lengthy war. Fled to sparta after getting himself into trouble and told Sparta how to beat Athens by joining with the Persians.
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The Sicilian Expedition
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Encouraged by Alcibiades in hopes of gaining more support for war, this expedition proved a failure. Athenians were defeated and captured.
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Spartan Rule over Greece after 404 bc
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Athens lost peloponnesian war and Spart crushed the empire of Greece. The 70 years b/w 404-338 bc witnessed control after war and set up decarchies (ten man boardds) over oligarchies.
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Herodotus and his work
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He was a dorian greek from Asia Minor and is responsible for the word Historia. The central theme of his work was conflict b/w Greeks and Persians. His work is revered as an important source of information and is our chief source on persian wars.
484-425 |
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What is the meaning of Historia
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"reasearch" and "investigation"--used first in herodotus' THE PERSIAN WARS
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Thucydides and his view of history
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460-400
He is thought of by many historians as the best historian of the ancient world. He focused more on rationality than divinity and kept to the facts. He also gave insight into the human condition and realized that history would repeat itself. Thought knowledge of the past was essential to understanding the present. |
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What was the form of Greek plays?
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Stable.
3 male actors in masks played all of the parts. Chorus was all male and recited prologues. Focused more on the story and it's meaning than it did action Content was usually either myths or legends |
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Aeschylus
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First Tragedian in greek history. He wrote 90 tragedies, yet only seven survived. The sole trilogy we have is his and is called Oresteia
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Tragedy characteristics
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These types of plays were based on suffering of a hero and ended in disaster. They have simple plot and focus on one single tragic even and it's meaning.
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Who was Sophocles?
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He was another great Athenian Playwrite
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Themes of Oedipus the King
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Written by Sophocles, this trilogy tells of the God Appollo fortelling how oedipus would kill father and marry is mother. It is inevitable, and takes place despite all of the attempts not to.
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Euripides
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(485- 406)
An awesome athenian tragedian that went above and beyond by creating realistic characters. His plots were more complex. Bacchea was his most famous work. He was a skeptic who questioned morals and religion, and viewed war as barbaric and brutal instead of glorious. |
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Theme of Greek Tragedies
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This type of tragedy included nature of good and evil, conflict b/w spiritual, state and family, and nature of human beings. "Humans were free and yet could only operate within the limitations that the Gods allow"
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Aristophanes
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(450-385)
He wrote comedies and used grotesque masks and obscene jokes. The clouds poked fun at socrates Lysistrata made fun of Peloponnesian war |
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Characteristics of Comedy
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This type of play was more political that tragedies. It was used to attack or savagely satarize politicians and intellectuals.
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The classical Style
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The greeks exhibited this style in art and architecture. They experimented with it in hopes of expressing eternally true ideals. The human being was its model and it emphasized reason, moderation, symmetry, balance, and harmony. In architecture--the temple was most important.
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The Parthenon
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Built between 447-438 bc, this was the greatest temple to come out of Classical Greece. The building was for Athens' patron Goddess Athena and was built by Callicrates. It was built within certain ratios from nature...the walls lean in and was reassembled later by the europeans.
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The Ionic Order
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This type of architectural style was built in the middle of the 5th century bc. The columns have a base, are slender and the capital (the base up top) is scrollwork.
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The Doric Order
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This type of architectural style was used at the very beginning of greek architecture and is the earliest distinctive type of design and also the simplest. Has no base, width is large, the capital is simple.
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The Corinthian Order
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Used towards the end of the 5th century bc, this architectural style is taller and slender, has a base, and for its capital, stylized acanthus leaves were used. Elaborate and fancy
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The characteristics of Classical Greek Sculpture
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Sculptures were more relaxed bodies and smooth muscled. They were lifelike, but sought the ideal, not reality. Based off of the mathematical ratios found in nature. Evolved out of the late Archaic kouros sanctuary. Has a curve.
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"Philosophy" means what?
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Love of wisdom
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Early Greek Philosophy
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Concerned with the development of critical and rational thought about the nature of the universe and the place that divinity has in it. Most philosophers tried to unify the universe.
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Thales
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An Ionian Greek who lived around 600 bc and was a philospher. He claimed that all living things were linked by water as a basic substance.
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Pythagoras
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An Ionian Philosopher who reasoned that the essence of the univers was found in music and number
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The Sophists
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These philosophers existed in 400's and believed trying to understand the universe was beyond human mind. They believed solely in studying human behavior--way to improve yourself.
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Rhetoric
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This is known as the art of persuasive speaking and was stressed by sophists. They believed there was no right or wrong and that what's right for one person may not be right for another.
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Socrates' teachings
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Socrates believed that all knowledge was within a person and all that was needed was to call it out.
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Socratic method
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Question-and-answer technique used to help students use their own reason.
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Socrates' death
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Socrates often questioned authority but after the peloponnesian war, free thought was not as free. He was tried and convicted of corrupting the Youth of Athens and was put to death.
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Plato's Teachings
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(429-347)
Unlike socrates, plato wrote down his thoughts. He focused on the essence of reality and concentrated on ideas and ideal forms. Eternal, unchanging forms have always existed. |
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Plato's Ideal State
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Contained within plato's THE REPUBLIC, plato created a gov't with division into three groups. The upper class was the ruling elite, the courageous protected society, and the masses were the people driven by material things. This created a gov't that functioned harmoniously
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Aristotle's Teachings
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He was taught by Plato at the Academ for 20 years and formed his own opinions on the universe. He believed that matter and forms were connected and rejected the ideal form theory. He analyzed and classified things together.
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Aristotle's forms of gov't
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He looked at 158 state gov'ts and chose monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional gov't as the top three. The latter of course being the favorite. He put his discoveries in a book named POLITICS
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Aristotle's ideas on Women
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His ideas on women would greatly influence western thoughts. He believed in mutual-comfort marriages with women inferior and subordinate, and husband making virtuous decisions.
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Zeus
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Chief deity and father of the Gods (12 at Mt. Olympus)
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Athena
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Goddess of wisdom and crafts
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Apollo
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God of Sun and poetry
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The olympic games
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First held in 776 bc, these games became an important ritual festival honoring zeus every four years. The competitions were foot races, wrestling, boxing, and javelin throwing. Always individuals fighting..everyone invited to watch
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The oracle at Delphi
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Used oracle to discover the will of the Gods. It is a sacred shrine dedicated to a God or Goddess who revealed the future. Most famous was the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. Located at Mt. Parnassas, Apollo would later put priestess in ecstacy, answer, then priest would translate into verse.
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Mystery Religions
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many greeks turned to these because the Greek ritualistic and formal religions offered no hope at life after death. These religions offered initiation into secret rites giving them more emotional involvement and hopes at immortality. Eleusian cult=reborn. Orphic=reincarnation--human soul is entrapped.
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Athenian social structure
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1. adult males--political power
2. Resident foreigners (metics) 3. Slaves |
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Slavery at Athens
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100,000 slaves
worked as cooks, maids, worked in fields, some worked as unskilled or skilled laborers and were paid |
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Basic athenian foods
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grains, vegetables, fruit, barley, wheat, lentil, millet, grapes, figs, olives, almonds, bread, vegetables
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The athenian family
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Generally nuclear.
Slaves became part of family. Function of the family was to produce citizens (a citizen=any offspring of two married citizens) property was divided by lot between soons, so families were created within relatives in order to preserve family property. |
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Women at Athens
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marriages sought to protect and enclose them. They had no publicity other than for relgious cults and festivals. They could be citizens. They couldn't leave the house, unless accompanied. Never formally educated. Job was housework.
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Greek homosexuality
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Widely practiced and tolerated. Athenians couldn't themselves become male prostitutes. The relationship b/w mature male and young male who was essentially "initiated" into mayood. "beloved" was taught by "lover"
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Philip 2's policies
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turned macedonia into chief greek power. He understood the importance of a standing army, and transformed Maced. into military power. Phalanx/weaponry was lighter. He also hired engineers to create better equipment. Defeated persians.
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Demosthenes
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He was one of Philip 2's enemies. This orater distrusted the leader and his intentions. His orations, known as the phillipios, portrayed the king as ruthless and deceitful. He got athens and thebes to revolt, Athens was later defeated.
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Alexander the Great
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(20 years old)
he smothered rebellion in Greece and turned right to invading Persia. He kept his men in constant battle. Became pharoah of egypt and king of persia. Idealistic visionary? Or ruthless machiavellian? |
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Women at Athens
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marriages sought to protect and enclose them. They had no publicity other than for relgious cults and festivals. They could be citizens. They couldn't leave the house, unless accompanied. Never formally educated. Job was housework.
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Greek homosexuality
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Widely practiced and tolerated. Athenians couldn't themselves become male prostitutes. The relationship b/w mature male and young male who was essentially "initiated" into mayood. "beloved" was taught by "lover"
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Philip 2's policies
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turned macedonia into chief greek power. He understood the importance of a standing army, and transformed Maced. into military power. Phalanx/weaponry was lighter. He also hired engineers to create better equipment. Defeated persians.
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Demosthenes
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He was one of Philip 2's enemies. This orater distrusted the leader and his intentions. His orations, known as the phillipios, portrayed the king as ruthless and deceitful. He got athens and thebes to revolt, Athens was later defeated.
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Alexander the Great
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(20 years old)
he smothered rebellion in Greece and turned right to invading Persia. He kept his men in constant battle. Became pharoah of egypt and king of persia. Idealistic visionary? Or ruthless machiavellian? |
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What countries did Alexander conquer?
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Western half of Asia Minor, Ionian greek cities, Issus, Tyre, Gaza, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, India, and Persia.
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Alexander's view of himself?
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He wanted to imitate achilles. Said he was a descendent of Heracles. Even wanted to be voted a God. Believed in universal humanity--unifying state. He adopted persian ideals.
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Roxane
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Married to Alexander, she was the daughter of Bactrian baron and was a foreigner from the east. He encouraged foreign marriages as a way of uniting his vast empire.
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Alexander's Legacy
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He created Hellenistic era--extended Greek language and ideas to non greek, near east. Greco-Macedenaean rule was spread over vast area.
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The meaning of "hellenistic"
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To imitate Greeks
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Innovations of Hellenistic Warfare
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international army was loyal to Alex.
The "tank of ancient warfare" was used--elephant. The elephant lost lustre after troops learned how to subdue them. New siege equipment was used: catapult and seige towers. Were able to capture fortified cities. Built better warships with 20 to 30 banks of oars. |
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The political role of Hellenistic cities
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their mission was to recreate the greek polis. Greeks needed control over Greece, but also needed help from kings because the new cities were not independent kings; didn't rule directly.
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The cultural role of Hellenistic cities
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Greek language, art, architecture, and literature spread throughout the near east. Culture was primarily Greek. 2 leagues--actolian league in central Greek Achaean league in pelopponesus.
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Trade Items in the hellenistic world
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Due to the conquests of Alexander and the policies of his successors, trade was much more open. Spain=gold and silver. North america= iron. Asia minor had salt. Macedonia had timber. India had ebony, gems, ivory and spices. Tyre ha purple dye. Arabia had frankensense. Thrace had slaves. Syrica and Asia minor had fine wines. Athens had olive oil.
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Hellenistic Women
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The new-found freedoms for women were only granted to upper-classes. The example first came from the growing power of hellenistic queens. ie/ egyptian queens. Economy was majore area of power. Women could manage slaves, sell property and make loans. In sparta, after men died in war, women owned lands (40%) In greece, philosphers rejected equality. Allowed education in literature, music, and athletics. Some became politically active but only usually elected with motives.
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Hellenistic Slavery
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Found from 4 sources: children of slaves, orphaned children, persons kidnapped by pirates, and prisoners of war. Important trade ports was Delos. Thracians and syrians were most numerous. Worked as servants for gov't officials, weaving, farming, Mining. In egypt they worked in textiles or mines. Women=concubines, slaves able o also absorb greek ways (especially true for soldiers/ slave-wives)
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Gymnasium
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Used primarily as athletic complex, but became a secondary school after schooling opened up. Centered on music, physical exercise, and literature. Wealthy provided money. Gymnasiarch=was in charge. Kings loved these because it made future leaders. Diffused Greek culture.
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The Museum at Alexandria
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Temple of the muses--created favorable environment for scholarly research
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Menander
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An athenian playwright who best represents the new comedy that left political themes and sought only to amuse. Plot= hero falls in love with prostitute--daughter of a wealthy man. Marry and live happily
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The Characteristics of Hellenistic Sculpture
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Moved away from ideal classicism and into more of an emotional/realistic feel. Old women, drunks, children at play. You yourself could feel the emotion (laocoon)
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Aristarchus of Samos
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(310-230)
He was a scholar who claimed the universe was heliocentric with still sun and stars while the earth circled around the sun. Earth rotates on own axis. |
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Eratosthenes
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275-195
this scholar concluded the world was round and had a circumference of 24675 miles, he was only 200 miles off of the actual figure. |
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Euclid
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300 bc
Created Alexandria school and wrote ELEMENTS that organized geometric elements. It was a standard textbook of plane geometry up until modern times. |
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Archimedes
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Most famous scientist (287-212)
He came from west mediterranean and is most famou for works on geometry of spheres and cylinders, established value of pi and for creating science of hydrostatics. Was also an established inventor. |
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Eureka!
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Archimedes discovered specific gravity by observing the water he displaced in his bath and ran home naked shouting "eureka!"--or "I have found it!"
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Hippocrates
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A contemporary of socrates. He's responsible for separating medicine from philosophy. He did so by stressing natural explanations and natural cures for diseases.
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The teachings of Epicureans
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School began at athens in 4th century bc. They believed in the doctrine of pleasure: he believed in Gods but didn't feel they played active role in the world. Humans were then free to follow interest. Happiness was a goal and was achieved through freedom from worry. Inner peace encouraged friendship
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The teachings of the Stoics
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came to overshadow epicureans. Believed happiness was found in virtue. This meant living according to the laws of nature. Ppl. accepted everything life gave them==problems could not disturb them. They didn't believe in separation from politics.
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The premises of the Mystery Religions
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There began to be a decline in greek olympian religion--ppl were no longer satisfied. They were not new to the greek world, but many influences came from easter mystery cults. People were following path to salvation to achieve eternal life.
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The cult of Isis
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Egyptian--became truly universal--goddess of women, brough laws to the people.
Mystery religions paved way for christianity. |
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Jews in the hellenistic world
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Monotheist. They fought often with Rome. Came to have considerable freedom under Seleucids in Judea. Occupied Alexandria (egypt). Asia minor and Syria. Set up synagogue. They were allowed to live by own laws and own judicial system. Not interested in citizenship.
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The origin of Hanukkah
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Means "rededication"
Antiochus was forced to try to unify culture and religion within judaea due to problems with rome. He capture the temple and sparked an uprising. The uprising was led by Judas Maccabeaus and temple was recaptured. |
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The conquest of Messenia and its effects on Sparta
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(730-700 bc) Laconia became too small for the growing Spartan population so they conquered the larger Messenia. Had spacious, fertile land that was ideal for grain. Formed militaristic state to create helots.
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Lycurgus' reforms and the New Sparta
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Between the years 800-600 bc, Sparta's lawgiver Lycurgus created new reforms that helped create spartan military camp.
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Spartan Women
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Lived at home while husbands were away
had greater freedom of movement and greater power in household required to remain fit in order raise healthy children |
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Spartiates
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Full spartan citizens that owned piece of land and dedicated themselves to the ruling class.
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Pisistratus' approach to Tyranny
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Tyranny formed due to poor not getting redistribution of land and wealthy were still in power. Pisistratus easily claimed power in 560 bc.
Kept solon's system the same, just had his supporters elected into offices. Maintained power by pleasing poor (redistributed land and created jobs) Pleased merchants by pursuing foreign trade. |
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Cliesthenes
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This leader's aim was to weaken the power of localities and regions. Demes-villages that became basic units of political life
Split into 10 tribes |
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Sappho
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Greatest lyric poet=female.
Lived on Island of lesbos and taught music and poetry. Her poems were love songs to her female students |
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Lyric Poetry
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Most prominent form of greek literature in 600's
Short Personal emotions (love) |
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Kouros
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Life-size stone statues of young male nudes.
They resemble egyptian statues (stiff, slight smile, one foot infront of other, arms are rigid) |
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Origin of term "lesbian"
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Lesbos Island where Sappho had her school. Believed in bisexuality, had a husband and children yet wrote love poems between men and also between women.
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Spartan state
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oligarchy created under Lycurgan reforms:
2 kings from aristocratic family were leaders of spartan army and campaigns. Supreme priest had role in foreign policy |
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Sparta and the outside world
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to ensure total seclusion, sparta closed themselves off from outside world. Foreigners had potential of bringing new ideas and travel could cause new ideas to form.
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Sparta's structure
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Aristocrats came to control athens in 600 bc.
Controlled political and religious life Acropagus was the council of nobles There were 9 archos Ecclesia=assembly of full citizens |
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Debt in Sparta
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Farmers became slaves after they were unable to repay loans--civil war
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Solon's reforms
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Elected in 594 bc as sole archor
canceled land debts banned people loaning themselves Freed enslaved farmers yet--failed to pay attention to land distribution |
