Stress Vocab From Health Psychology

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Stressor

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Any event or situation that triggers coping adjustments

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Stress

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The process by which we perceive and respond to events that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging

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Walter Cannon

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First termed the fight-or-flight reaction

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Fight-or-Flight Reaction

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Outpouring of epinephrine norepinephrine, cortisol, and other hormones that prepare an organism to defend against a threat

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SAM (sympatho-adreno-medullary) System

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Body's initial rapid-acting response to stress and it involves the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla.

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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) System

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Body's delayed response to stress involving the secretion of corticosteriod hormones from the adrenal cortex

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Psychoneuroimmunology

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Subfield of health psychology that emphasizes interaction of psychological (psych) neuroendocrine (neuro), and immunological processes in stress and illness

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Evidence of Psychoneuroimmunology

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-Tumor cells grow more rapidly in animals exposed to electric shock, loud noise, or other stressors
-Immunosuppression linked to divorce, unemployment, exam periods, occupational stress,

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Direct Effect Hypothesis

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Immunosuppresion is part of the body's natural response to stress, but the HPA and SAM responses may reduce the body's defenses

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Indirect Effect Hypothesis

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Immunosuppresion is an aftereffect of the stress response and stress may encourage maladapative behaviors that disrupt immune functioning

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Allostatic load

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Cumulative long-term effects of the body's physiological responses to stress

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What are some ways stress reduces immunity?

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1. Activating ANS
2. Triggering secretion of hormones to bind to white blood cells
3. Inducing poor diet/substance abuse behaviors

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Transaction Model

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Experience of stress depends on how much an event is appraised as it does on the event itself

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Primary appraisal

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Determination of an event's meaning

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Secondary appraisal

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Evaluation of one's ability to meet the demands of the challenging event

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Cognitive reappraisal

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Process by which events are constantly reevaluated

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The Transaction Model of Stress

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1. Potential Stressor
2. Primary Appraisal
3. Thought processes
4. Secondary Appraisal
5. Coping Response
6. Reappraisal

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Diathesis-Stress Model

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Individual's susceptibility to stress and illness determined by two interacting factors (Predisposing & Precipitating)

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Predisposing Factors

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Genetics & Acquired behaviors or personality traits

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Precipitating Factors

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Traumatic experiences

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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Psychological disorder triggered by exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor and associated with combat or catastrophic environmental factors.

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Psychological symptoms of PTSD

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haunting memories, nightmares, mental distress flashbacks

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Physiological Symptoms of PTSD

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Increased cortisol, epinephrine, testosterone, and thyroxin over time

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Comorbidity of PTSD

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substance abuse, depression, anxiety disorder

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Susceptibilty of PTSD

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Those that lack a social support, women who experience harassment, Lower intelligence

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Tend-and-Befriend Theory

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Females are more likely than males to respond to stressors with behaviors that:
Quiet/Nurture/Care for offspring &
Establish and Maintain social networks

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What are some sources of stress?

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Chernobyl, Floods, Fires, Hurricanes,Daily Hassles, Daily Uplifts

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What is linked with crowding?

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Increased aggression, Withdrawal from interpersonal relationships, Increased crime rates, unwanted social interactions

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What is burnout?

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Job-related state of physical and psychological exhaustion