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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The science of collecting, organizing, and interpreting data.
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Statistics (singular)
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Numbers that describe or summarize something about a sample.
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Statistics
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The complete set of people or things being studied.
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Population
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A summary of the entire population based on an estimate made from data collected.
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Population parameter
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A small part of the population data is collected from. It is representative of the population because it gives good information or discoveries about it.
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Sample
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The actual measurements or observations collected from the sample.
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Raw data
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Characteristics of the sample found by consolidating or summarizing the raw data.
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Sample statistics
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This is used in a statistical study to describe the range of values likely to contain the population parameter.
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Margin of error
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How do you find the range of values for the margin of error?
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By adding or subtracting the margin of error from the sample statistic obtained in the study (+ or -).
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What are the five basic steps in a statistical study?
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1. State the goal of your study precisely (population & what)
2. Choose appropriate sample of the population 3. Collect raw data & summarize by finding sample statistics of interest 4. Use sample statistics to make inferences about the population 5. Draw conclusions |
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Show the process of a statistical study.
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START > 1. Identify goals: POPULATION > 2. Draw from population: SAMPLE > 3. Collect raw data and summarize :SAMPLE STATISTICS > 4. Make inferences about population: POPULATION PARAMETERS > 5. Draw conclusions: POPULATION
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The branch the deals with describing raw data in the form of graphics and sample statistics.
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Descriptive statistics
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The branch that deals with estimating population parameters from sample data. It uses the study and collected data to support or reject a hypothesis.
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Inferential statistics
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What is the purpose of statistics?
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Its most important purpose is to help us make good decisions about issues that involve uncertainty.
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A study that uses the entire population. It may be undesirable if it is destructive.
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Census
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A sample in which the relevant characteristics of the sample members are the same as that of the population.
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Representative sample
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The design or conduct tends to favor certain results.
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Bias study
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Every sample of the same size has an equal chance of being selected. A list is needed. A table of random numbers can be used.
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Simple random sampling
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Using a simple system to choose a sample such as every kth individual starting at a random place.
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Systematic sampling
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Use of a group that is convenient to use. This is a poor sample.
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Convenience sample
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The population is divided into groups. Some of the groups are selected at random. The sample is obtained by choosing all the members within each of the selected groups.
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Cluster sample
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The population is separated along certain variables. A random sample is drawn from each group.
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Stratified sample
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The objects chosen for the sample.
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Subjects (participants)
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Study where researchers observe or measure characteristics of the subjects, but do not attempt to influence or modify these characteristics. Things would happen anyway.
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Observational study
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Researchers set-up and control all that happens to establish cause and effect and to make observations accordingly. Things happen that would not happen otherwise. It may be unethical.
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Experiment
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A study done by using a group of previous studies to look for trends that were not evident in the individual studies. The overall conclusion is then summarized.
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Meta-analysis
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Values for or a response to a particular variable.
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Data
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A characteristic of the individuals.
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Variable
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A variable that deals with numbers such as age or annual income.
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Quantitative variable
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A variable that deals with things such as city of residence.
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Qualitative variable
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A list of the population.
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Sampling frame
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