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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plato
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Student of Socrates; founder of Academy of Athens-first university in western world; wrote Socrates dialogue- primary source of knowledge of Socrates; believed rhetoric a tool that empowered men (428-328 BC)
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Aristotle
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Student of Plato; "Great Classifier"; author of Rhetoric-first speech book; less than 1/3 of work survived, but thought of as most influential western thinker; proofs, speech categories (382-322 BC)
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Sophists
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Argued that beyond a mere “tool”, rhetoric (public speaking) was a worthy pursuit in and of itself;
argued that rhetoric was more than a means for the powerful, but a means of gaining power; Gorgias, Protagoras, Isocrates, Corax and Tsias |
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Gorgias
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Sohpist who wrote Technai- sophist manual of rhetorical instruction (487-376 BC)
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Protagoras
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Sophist who argued rhetoric was an ennoble profession and virtue could be taught (490-420 BC)
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Isocrates
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Sohpist, first "ghostwriter" (436-388 BC)
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Corax and Tsias
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The paradox of Sophistry
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Shannon and Weaver
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Both academics and engineers; published Mathematical Theory of Communication 1948- recognized as first theoretical model of communication
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Shannon-Weaver Model
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Theories study the cognitive quantification of information, and conceived of humans as communicating machines who created, dispensed, accepted and processed data; This is a "transmission" model of communication (assumes the "machines" work properly and messages are received in the same way they are intended to mean)
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Values
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Our most general ideas of what's "good" and "bad" in life
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Beliefs
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The ways we perceive reality to be either in line with or contradictory of our values; This adds more nuance and definition to our views than the basic polarity (good/bad) we get from values
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Attitudes
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The case-by-case opinions we hold about specific things we encounter in life; Developing these toward things over a lifetime allows us to have well-rounded lives with varied interactions and more complete descriptions of our experiences
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Audience Analysis
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Recognizing the likely values, beliefs and attitudes inherent to your audience is key to tailoring your message for maximum effectiveness
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Communication Apprehension
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An individual's level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person(s)." -McCroskey
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McCroskey's Types of Communication Apprehension
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Trait-"shy"; Context-fear certain types of communicating, Person/Group- fear addressing certain group, Situational-describes everyone's apprehension,
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Causes for PSA
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Novelty, formality, subordinate status, peer evaluation, dissimilarity, conspicuousness, lack of attention, prior history
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PSA Coping Steps
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Cognitive modification-change way you feel; Systematic desensitization- practice; Skills training- outlining
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Socrates
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"Gadfly"- challenged the Athenian government; recognized PS as powerful/destructive tool; logically argued truth-dialectic (469-399 BC)
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Ethos
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Credibility of speaker
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Pathos
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Using emotions to appeal to/influence an audience
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Logos
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Use of logic to appeal to audience
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Syllogism
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A three-part argument consisting of a general case, specific case and conclusion.
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Deductive reasoning
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Reasoning from a general condition to a specific instance.
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Enthymeme
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Syllogism presented as a probability rather than as an absolute, and it states either a general case or a specific case but not both. The case not stated is implied and serves as a mental tool for connecting the speaker and audience.
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Parts to Intro/Conclusion
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Attention gainer/memorable end statement, thesis, preview of main points
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Attention gainers
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statistics/research, anecdotes, humor, anaphora, rhetorical question
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Topical Pattern Info Arrangement
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"Categorical"; works best for informative speaking; helps refine topic info with wide variety of possible sub-topics; conveys material of equal importance; order doesn't matter
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Chronological Pattern Info Arrangement
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"Temporal"; presents points in sequential order, emphasizing points' importance relative to one another to maintain coherence of information; common uses: historical accounts, biography, instruction
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Citing outloud
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Author, text, date
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Types of outlines
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Sentence, phrase, keyword
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