Spd Final Exam

Front 1

Aggressive energy is built up to a critical level and then discharged through some form of violent, destructive behaviour.

This is know as:

Back 1

THE HYDRAULIC VIEW

Front 2

In regards to aggression being instinctual, most learning theorists have _________ this explanation

Back 2

rejected

Front 3

an aggressive act is defined as what?

Back 3

a response that delivers noxious stimuli to another organism

Front 4

According to Buss, what kind of act is considered aggressive?

Back 4

any act that delivers pain or discomfort to another organism

- emphasizes consequences rather than intent of action

Front 5

Aggressive acts are categorized into 2 categories, these are:

Back 5

1. Hostile aggression

2. instrumental aggression

Front 6

Hostile aggression:

Back 6

the goal is to harm a victim

Front 7

instrumental aggression

Back 7

one person harms another as a means of trying to achieve some other goal (it is non-intentional)

Front 8

T or F: The same act could be classified as hostile or instrumental dependent on the circumstances

Back 8

TRUE

Front 9

2 main types of theories of aggression are what

Back 9

Instinct theory & learning theory

Front 10

Describe Freud's Psychoanalytic theory

Back 10

- humans have a death instinct (thantos)

- have aggressive urges which must be discharged periodically to prevent from building too high

- aggressive energy can be discharged in socially acceptable ways

- aggressive drives are adaptive --> they help satisfy basic needs and serve to promote life rather than self-destruction

Front 11

which theory believes that aggression serves an evolutionary purpose to ensure the survival of the individual?

Back 11

Lorenz' Ethological Theory

Front 12

According to Lorenz's theory, why do humans kill their own species?

Back 12

aggressive instincts are poorly controlled

Front 13

list 4 critiques to Instinct theories

Back 13

1. Cannot explain why some societies are more aggressive than others

2. peaceful cultures pose a challenge --> no/little violence

3. no neuropsychological evidence for accumulation of aggressive energy

4. 3-5yr olds can form reasonable dominance hierarchies which functions to minimize aggression

Front 14

Frustration always produces some form of aggression, and aggression is always caused by some form of frustration.

This is ___________ theory

Back 14

learning theory

Front 15

Briefly describe Berkowitz's Revised Frustration/Aggression Hypothesis

Back 15

- anticipates individual differences in aggression

- frustration makes us angry, but we need cues for aggression to occur

Front 16

what is thematic aggression?

Back 16

action that was appropriate in the context of earlier play --> ex. kids playing pirates and challenging each other

Front 17

What is inappropriate aggression?

Back 17

action that was clearly outside of the context of previous play

Front 18

what was found in the study involving kids playing w aggressive toys vs neutral toys?

Back 18

Thematicaggression was highest for the kids who had played w aggressive toys

Front 19

According to Bandura, aggressive responses are acquired in either of 2 ways, which are:

Back 19

observational learning (ex. bobo doll experiment)

direct experience (a child whose aggressive behaviour is reinforced will likely resort to this in the future)

Front 20

successful aggression activates pleasure centres in the brain, this is known as ____________

Back 20

self-reinforcement

Front 21

Bandura depicts humans as:

Back 21

basically rational creatures who typically aggress in order to satisfy important personal objectives, rather than reactive creatures who are driven by internal forces

Front 22

about ___% of kids are reactive aggressive, compared to about ___% of kids who are proactive aggressive

Back 22

33%

15-20%

Front 23

kids who show impulsivity, inattentiveness and negative emotionality are more inclined to show deficiencies in:

Back 23

info processing and more likely to commit aggressive acts

Front 24

there are likely more conflicts between 2yr olds than 1yr olds, BUT...

Back 24

2yr olds are better at resolving conflicts in nonaggressive ways, are are more likely than 1yr olds to settle disputes by negotiating or sharing resources rather than fighting w each other

Front 25

kids in collectivistic cultures (ex. Japanese) are ______ likely to respond aggressively than are American kids

Back 25

less --> greater focus on social harmony

Front 26

aggression displayed by 2yr olds is usually:

hostile or instrumental

Back 26

instrumental

Front 27

what is the general trend of overt conduct problems as kids become better at regulating emotions as they age?

Back 27

they continue to decline

Front 28

what was found in the study looking at perceptions of different age groups (kinders, 2nd grade & 4th grade) of knocking down blocks accidentally or on purpose?

Back 28

kindergarteners were able to discriminate true intent less than 50% of the time, and accuracy increased with age

--> 4th graders able to discriminate 3/4 of the time

Front 29

what was found with 7-12yr olds who can easily discriminate between accidental from deliberate harm-doing?

Back 29

They tend to react aggressively to almost any provocation bc they have a hard time condemning their retaliatory aggression

Front 30

habitual bullies are _________ observers of adult conflict and __________ the target of aggression/abuse

(often/rarely/sometimes/never)

Back 30

often, rarely

Front 31

chronic victims of aggression are commonly__________________

Back 31

passive victims who are socially withdrawn, physically weak and reluctant to firght back

Front 32

provocative victims are often _________________

Back 32

- oppositional, restless, hot-tempered and tend to irritate their peers

- socially unskilled

- have often been abused at home

-May become bullies themselves as they tend to victimize passive peers

Front 33

what is true about delinquent behaviour in American peer culture?

Back 33

becomes more socially acceptable during adolescence and may even increase status

Front 34

is aggression a stable attribute?

Back 34

moderately stable

Front 35

As one of the 4 trajectories reported in longitudinal studies, describe the characteristics of the chronic persistence trajectory

Back 35

-fairly small # of boys & girls

high and gradually escalating levels of aggression throughout childhood & adolescence

- at most risk of becoming violent as they age

Front 36

Moderate-level desister trajectory

Back 36

moderately aggressive children who become less aggressive and display less ASB over time

Front 37

high-level disister trajectory

Back 37

display high levels of aggression that decline over time

Front 38

no-problem trajectory

Back 38

display low levels of aggression and ASB throughout childhood/adolescence

Front 39

what are Macoby & Jacklin's 4 proposals as to why biological factors contribute heavily to sex differences

Back 39

1. Males are more aggressive than females in almost every society studied

2. reliable sex differences appear so ealy (~17mos) that is difficult to attribute the cause to social learning

3. Males tend to be more aggressive in our closest phylogenetic relatives

4. Heightened levels of male aggression may be attributable to higher levels of testosterone

Front 40

What was found w testosterone levels of rhesus monkeys?

Back 40

testosterone levels rose after monekys had won a fight, but levels decreased after they'd been defeated

Front 41

True of False: testosterone levels predct only aggressive rather than nonaggressive conduct problems

Back 41

FALSE: testosterone levels predict only NONAGGRESSIVE conduct problems

Front 42

Not until ~ _____ mos are sex differences in aggression reliable

Back 42

17-18mos

Front 43

what does the interactive (biosocial) viewpoint of aggression state?

Back 43

biological factors interact w social-environmental factors to promote sex differences in aggression

parents may be inclined toplay more roughly w highly active sons than daughters

there is a larger decline w aggression and oppositional behaviour in boys than girls

Front 44

do nonshared or shared environmental influences account for a greater variance in aggression?

Back 44

nonshared

Front 45

Which type of aggression appears to be more genetically influenced than relational aggression?

physical or relational

Back 45

Physical

Front 46

Aggression theorists believe that a person's absolute level of aggression depends critically on what?

Back 46

the social environment in which a child is raised

Front 47

cold and rejecting parents who apply harsh power assertive discipline are likely to raise children who are ________

Back 47

hostile & aggressive

Front 48

What were the 2 best predictors of aggression among young adolescent males?

Back 48

- parents' permissiveness towards bo9ys' aggressive behaviour

- parents' cold and rejecting attitudes towards sons

--> next best predictor is measure of the boys' own temperamental impulsivity

Front 49

which type of reinforcement was important in maintaining coercive interactions?

Back 49

negative reinforcement

Front 50

children who are at greatest risk of displaying high levels of aggression and behavioural problems are often ______________

Back 50

unhibited, fearless kids whoa re deficient at regulating negative emotions

Front 51

what is the general trend of the gender gap in delinquency?

Back 51

it is narrowing

Front 52

How effective is the strategy of catharsis of aggression?

Back 52

ineffective -- teaching kids to vent their anger on inanimate objects backfires and tends to encourage aggressive acts

Front 53

what is one strategy in minimizing conflict?

Back 53

creating nonaggressive environments for kids --> have enough toys so they don't have to fight over them

Front 54

which type of interventions are usually favoured in reducing aggression in kids?

Back 54

comprehensive preventative interventions -- incorporate strategies such as prosocial conduct, helping kids to regulate their anger and better understand others' feelings (encourage empathizing)

Front 55

CH 13 - PEERS

Front 56

what defines a peer?

Back 56

someone who is operating at similar levels of behavioural complexity

Front 57

what did Ellis find when it comes to children of all ages and spending time w others?

Back 57

kids of all ages tended to spend LESS time w age-mates than they did w kids who are a year older or younger

peers are social equals, not necessarily age-mates

Front 58

what did Harlow find with mother-only monkeys?

Back 58

they failed to develop normal patterns of social behaviour

- when exposed to age-mates they avoided them them and were highly aggressive/antisocial when approaching peers

this persisted into adulthood

Front 59

What did Harlow find with peer-only monkeys?

Back 59

they tended to cling to one another and form strong attachments

they were highly agitated over minor stresses and as adults were usually aggressive towards other monkeys outside their peer group

Front 60

Children watch others play or engage in solitary play

this is the the play activity category __________

Back 60

nonsocial activity

Front 61

The stage in which children share toys & swap materials but do not cooperate to achieve shared goals is _______

Back 61

associative play

Front 62

The stage in which kids play side by side but interact very little is __________

Back 62

parallel play

Front 63

The stage in which kids act out make-believe themes, assume reciprocal roles and collaborate to achieve shared goals is ________

Back 63

cooperative play

Front 64

solitary play is common throughout which period/age?

Back 64

preschool period

Front 65

passive, constructive solitary play is _______ (+/-) associated with emotional adjustment and social competencies among kindergarten girls but not boys

Back 65

positively; boys normally play in groups so solitary play may reflect social anxieties or shyness that may cause neglect in the future

Front 66

what was found when observing US children playing vs. Korean children?

Back 66

US children tended to play superheroes and acted out more themes of danger, where Korean kids took on family roles & enacted everyday activities

Front 67

Name 4 functions of pretend play

Back 67

- helps kids master ways of sharing meaning w peers

- learn to compromise when negotiating roles/rules

- understand one's own or partner's emotional crises

- receive/provide social support and develop sense of trust

Front 68

By mid-adolescence, cliques w similar norms and values become identifiable as a larger, more loosely organized aggregation known as a _______

Back 68

crowd

this is a mechanism for defining adolescents' niche within larger social structure of a high school and for organizing social activities

Front 69

what are 2 useful functions of crowds?

Back 69

- trying out new roles and express emerging values

- pave way for establishment of dating relationship

- identifying w a crowd can be harmful though, especially if the group is delinquent

Front 70

Brown proposed that adolescents pass through 4 phases as they progress from crushes to mature relationships, these are:

Back 70

initiation

status

affection

bonding

Front 71

Initiation stage:

Back 71

major focus is on the self & coming to see oneself as someone who can relate in romantic ways to members of the other sex

Front 72

in this stage, it is important to have a romantic relationship w the "right kind" of person bc it is important for status if it brings acceptance in the larger peer group

Back 72

Status

Front 73

In the Affection phase, the focus is on _______

Back 73

the relationship rather than oneself or on the peer status

Front 74

Bonding Phase

Back 74

emotional intimacies are joined w longer-term commitments to create lasting bonds

Front 75

Dating in early adolescence often has more (+/-) effects?

Back 75

negative, especially for girls whose bf is usually older

Front 76

When comparing children who attended preschool programs and those that stayed at home, who had developed social skills at an earlier age?

Back 76

preschool-going kids

Front 77

__yr olds do not differ a lot in social behaviour, but by age ___, unattractive kids are more likely to be active & boisterous during play time & respond aggressively toward peers

Back 77

3; 5

Front 78

which type of body structure is preferred among children?

Back 78

mesomorphic (athletic)

Front 79

Which body types were less preferred among children?

Back 79

ectomorphic (thin) and endomorphic (chubby)

Front 80

what is found in boys who mature earlier?

Back 80

- tend to enjoy social advantages --> confident, poised, accepted by others

BUT may also be at a greater risk of minor delinquency and use of drugs/alcohol

(geoff)

Front 81

what is usually true with girls who mature earlier?

Back 81

- tend to be less popular, less outgoing, more anxiety/depression

-often seek older companions who may steer them into deviancy

Front 82

by 11th or 12th grade, what was found when comparing girls who mature earlier vs those who compare at a generally average age?

Back 82

those who matured earlier were no longer less popular than the others

Front 83

early aggressive and withdrawn behaviours predicted what in regards to children's adjustment problems?

Back 83

predicted later internalizing and externalizing disorders

Front 84

children who are shy & unassertive would likely be at risk of neglect in __________ culture, but would likely be more accepted by peers in _________ culture

Back 84

American, Asian (China)

Front 85

in adolescence, establishing close relationships w the opposite sex is seen as ______ and can __________ one's social standing, whereas if this happens in childhood, this would __________ one's status

Back 85

good --> enhance

undermine

same sex friends are of more value during childhood

Front 86

what were the findings when a research team provided academic-skills training to low-achieving 4th graders?

Back 86

reading & math improved as well as social standing --> attained average status

Front 87

as early as ____yrs, children may become attached to preferred play partners

Back 87

1-2

Front 88

if a 3-6yr old is asked to perform a dull task to benefit a friend, how would they respond?

Back 88

they'd be willing to give up valuable play time to do it for a friend, yet almost never for an acquaintance

Front 89

what is the general trend of close friendship networks as we move from childhood to adolescence?

Back 89

they shrink in size

Front 90

Findings showed that adolescents' views and representations of the romantic relationships are more closely related w their representations of who?

Back 90

their friends compared to those of their parents

Front 91

who tends to have more cross-sex friends? Girls or boys

Back 91

Girls

though they are somewhat secondary to one's same-sex friendships

Front 92

it is not until after ___ grade that cross-sex friendships are equally intimate

Back 92

11th

Front 93

one possible cost of friendship is co-rumination, as it predicted...

Back 93

increases in anxiety & depression which in turn fostered increased co-rumination

Front 94

what was found when studying conformity to peer pressure for prosocial acts and aging?

Back 94

did not change much w age

highest in 9th grade & gradually decreased throughout highs chool

Front 95

conflicts stemming from differences in the values and practices advocated by parents and those by peers

this is known as

Back 95

cross pressures

Front 96

the highest rate of pot smoking was found in teenagers whose...

Back 96

both peers & parents used drugs