Spd

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Bowlby proposed that kids go through 3 behavioural phases during prolonged separation from parents. They were:

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1. Protest

2. Despair

3. Detachment

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In this phase, kids tried to regain mothers by demanding her return & resisting caregivers

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Protest Phase

(lasts few hours - 1 week+)

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In this phase, kids appeared to have recovered & they acted indifferent when mom visited

They seemed as though they had little/no emotional ties

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Detachment Phase

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In this phase, kids seemed to lose hope of ever being reunited w their mothers & became apathetic/unresponsive

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Phase of Despair

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In Bowlby's 4th stage, permanent withdrawal from human relationships, they become less interested in what?

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Human contact

they become more egocentric as attention shifts more towards inanimate objects than human

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Attachment is defined as:

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close emotional relationship between 2 people

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Describe the Sensitive Period Hypothesis

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parents who had extensive close contact w their newborns in the 1st few hours after birth would become emotionally bonded

The bond formed during this period would be stronger than those established later

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Participants adjust their behaviours in response to the partner's actions & emotions - this is known as

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Synchronized routines

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infants begin to show more interest in their mother's face between ________ weeks

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4-9

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By 2-3mos, infants begin to understand _______________

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simple contingencies

--> smiling at mom usually results in mom smiling back

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when is interactional synchrony likely to develop?

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- caregiver carefully attends to baby's state

- provides playful stimulation

- limit social stimulation to when baby is alert & receptive

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________________ are important contributors to emotional attachments

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synchronized exchanges

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In Schaffer & Emerson's study of development of emotional attachments, babies were considered attached if ________________

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if they elicited protest

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Scheffer & Emerson's phases include:

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1. The asocial phase

2. Phase of Indiscriminate attachments

3. Specific Attachment phase

4. Phase of Multiple attachments

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Asocial Phase

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- many social/nonsocial stimuli produce a favourable reaction

- begin to show preference for social stimuli by 6weeks

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Phase of Indiscriminate Attachments

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- clearly enjoy human company

- likely fuss when put down

- 3-6mos reserve big smiles for familiar people

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Specific Attachment Phase

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- fuss when separated from specific individual (usually mom)

- try to stay close to mom

- wary of strangers

- development of 1st genuine attachments

- 7-9mos

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Phase of Multiple Attachments

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- by 18 mos are usually attached to 5+ people

- attachment objects may serve different functions

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THEORIES OF ATTACHMENT

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Psychoanalytic Theory

Learning Theory

Cognitive Developmental Theory

Ethological Theory

Front 20

- I love you bc you feed me

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Psychoanalytic theory

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Rewardingness leads to love

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Learning Theory

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Perhaps I was born to relate & love

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Ethological Theory

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To love you, I must know you'll be there

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Cognitive Developmental Theory

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Psychoanalytic Theory

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- infants desire satisfaction from sucking objects & are attracted to people who provide oral pleasure

- mother = primary attachment figure bc she feeds the infant

- caregiver who responds to infant's needs foster infant's sense of trust in others

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Learning Theory

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- over time infants should associate mother w pleasurable emotions so she becomes a valuable commodity

- Harlow's monkeys showed that contact comfort is a more powerful contributor to attachment than feeding

- reinforcement = responsible for emotional attachments

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Cognitive Developmental Theory

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- ability to form attachments depends in part on infant's level of cognitive development

- infant must 1st be able to discriminate familiar faces from strangers

- recognize permanence

- attachments first form at 7-9mos

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Ethological Theory

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- species are born w a # of innae behavioural tendencies that have contributed to their survival

- purpose of primary attachment is to permit survival & reproduction

- Lorenz's duck study --> imprinting

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Lorenz's duck study showed what about imprinting?

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- it is automatic

- irreversible

- occurs in critical period

- those who wander may starve or be eaten to the tendency is innate to increase chances of survival

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What is the function of babies have cute/lovable features?

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- helps elicit positive attention from others that promotes emotional attachments

- adults predisposed to respond favourably to baby's signals

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T or F: Babies are active participants in the attachment process

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TRUE

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3 recommendations for making necessary separations easier on the child:

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- provide an explanation

- leave a reminder of home

- choose a sensitive substitute caregiver

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Describe a secure attachment

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- 60-65% of kids

- infants warmly greets mother upon return

- outgoing when mother is present

- explores

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What is resistant attachment?

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~10% of kids

- explore very little when mom is present

- very distressed when she leaves

- stays close to mom upon return but seems angry & resists physical contact

- wary of strangers

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Avoidant Attachment

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- shows little distress when separated from mom

- ignores mom upon return

- may ignore strangers

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Disorganized/Disoriented

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5 - 15%

- reflects confusion about whether to approach or avoid caregiver

- may look fearful, freeze or curl up on the floor

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When assessing the attachment style of a child 1-5yrs, what method is used?

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the attachment question set

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when measuring the attachment style of an adult, which method is used?

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the adult attachment interview (AAI)

- allows us to answer whether the quality of an infant's primary attachment stable over time

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In which cultures would you see more resistant attachment styles and stranger anxiety?

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Cultures where parents rarely leave kids w substitute caregivers --> Japan

tells us that attachment relationships are culturally universal

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Compare Japanese mothers and US mothers

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- japanese mothers strive to anticipate all the baby's needs rather than reacting to different cries

- Japanese seek to promote infant's amae

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- state of total dependence on the mother & a presumption of mother love & indulgence

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amae

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mothers of securely attached infants are thought to be:

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sensitive

responsive

insightful

understanding of the causes of the child's emotions

Front 42

Kids who show resistant attachment tend to have parents who are:

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inconsistent in caregiving

react unenthusiastically

are indifferent

Front 43

what are 2 patterns of caregiving that place infants at risk of developing avoidant attachments?

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- impatient caregivers

-overzealous caregivers

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- clinically depressed

- those who feel neglected, unloved, abused

- those w unplanned pregnancies/unwanted

These are all types of people who are at risk of becoming ______________

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insensitive caregivers

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Describe an infant that Kagan would predict to be classified as resistant

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- temperamentally difficult

- actively resists changes in routine

- distressed by novelty

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A child who is shy and slow to warm up to others would likely be classified as:

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avoidant

Front 47

what did the study of mothers of difficult Dutch infants demonstrate? (trained to be more patient, sensitive & responsive)

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sensitive caregiving is causally related to attachment quality

- genetic contributions were modest at best

Front 48

Differences in attachment styles largely reflect contributions of _____________ environmental influences, whereas resemblances in attachments were more affected by ___________ environmental influences

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nonshared; shared

Front 49

In Main & Weston's study, toddlers who were securely attached to _____________ parent(s) were the most socially responsive group

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both parents

- also less anxious & socially withdrawn

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Those securely attached to 1 parent were more ____________ to the class clown & less _____________ than insecure kids

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friendly; emotionally conflicted

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What did kids who were securely attached to fathers tend to show?

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- better self-regulation

- greater social competencies

- lower levels of problem behaviours

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Those who were securely attached at 12-18mos tend to be:

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- better problem solvers at 2yrs old

- more complex & creative in symbolic play

- more positive in emotional display

- more attractive playmates

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Which attachment style is at a risk of becoming hostile & aggressive?

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disorganized

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Social leaders, curious, self-directed kids are likely _____________ attached at 15mos

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securely

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Infants who are insecurely attached at 15mos tend to be:

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- socially withdrawn

- hesitant to play w others

- less interested in learning

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o Parent-adolescentconflict best predicted how well the individuals got along w their spouses

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true

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Infants develop working models of the self largely based on what?

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- their ability to elicit attention & comfort when they need it

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In Belski, Spritz & Crnic's study, what did they find when comparing securely & insecurely attached kids?

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they did not differ in their attention to positive and negative events (didn't expect more of one than the other)

BUT

securely attached kids excelled at remembering + events, and insecurely attached kids excelled at remembering - events

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- appears normal for the first 3-6mos

- at 6mos, seldom cries, coos or babbles

- often appear depressed & uninterested in social contact

this describes an infant who is what?

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infants who are socially deprived

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inability to bond, securely or otherwise, toadoptive or foster parents, even when new caregivers have secure working modelsof attachment relationships

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Reactive attachment disorder

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What was found when comparing institutionalized infants w secure attachments and securely attached infants who were reared at home?

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though both were securely attached, the institutionalized infants were significantly less close & comfortable

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What was found when looking at Romanian institutionalized adoptees?

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Those who'd spent 6mos+ in an institution showed lower IQs at 11

BUT 1/3 of adoptees who'd spent >6mos in institutions were functioning normally by 11

6 months seems to be a critical period

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· the notion that sociallydeprived infants develop abnormally bc they have failed to establishattachments to a primary caregiver

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Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis

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Describe the findings after Asian adoptees were placed in a highly stimulating, middle class home

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after 2yrs, they scored significantly above average on IQ tests & social maturity assessments

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· Kids who’d spent moretime in alternative care for the first 4.5yrs of their life were somewhat moreaggressive & disobedient in elementary school

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true

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Which is reported to be more beneficial for the parent-child relationship, longer or shorter leaves?

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longer

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the combination of physical & psychological attributes that are unique to a person

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Self

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this is thought to be largely determined by others' reactions to a person

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looking-glass self

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Cooley & Mead believed what 2 things are intertwined?

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self and social development - neither can progress without the other

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At what point do newborns develop a concept of self?

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not until they realize they exist independent of the objects & individuals they encounter on a regular basis

They then learn that their behaviour elicits predictable reactions from others

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Social cognition

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thinking that people display about the thoughts,feelings, motives and behaviours of themselves and others

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What evidence is given to support that even newborns have the capacity to distinguish the self from their surrounding environment?

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Bebies cry at hearing a recording of other babies' cries but not to their own, implying differentiation of self & others

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At what age are the first signs of self-awareness thought to be seen?

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2-3mos

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A child may begin pointing around ____ mos, indicating that they recognize they and a companion can share perceptual experiences by joint attention

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9 mos

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By ____ months old, infants can clearly discriminate between themselves and another face in a mirror

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4-5mos

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When given the mirror rouge test, what age group started showing signs of self-recognition?

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15-17mos

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At what age did the majority of kids actually touch their own nose, showing that they recognized their self in the mirror

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18-24mos

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It is not until ____yrs old that they will be able to retrieve a sticker on their head if they see it being placed their on a 2-3min delayed video (showing recognition of extended self)

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3.5yrs old

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2-3yr olds recognize current representations of self butare largely unaware that past self-representations of self-relevant events haveimplications for the future

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Present self

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Extended self (3.5-5yrs)

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more mature self-representation, emergingbetween ages 3.5 and 5yrs in whichkids are able to integrate past, present and unknown futureself-representations into a notion of a self that endures over time

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around 18-24mos, infants are said to internalize their sensorimotor schemes to form what?

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mental symbols

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self-conscious emotions cannot be experienced until __________________ is achieved

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self-recognition

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what becomes of a toddler as they develop greater self-recognition?

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- become more outgoing

-take pleasure in imitating a playmate's activities

- display more complex forms of social pretend play

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What is categorical self?

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a person's classification of the self along socially significant dimensions such as age & sex

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what does the "misidentification" phenomenon refer to?

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Native American children can discriminate Indians from Whites in pictures, but aren't fully able to specify in which category they fit

There is also a pro-white bias when making "good/bad" associations depending on one's skin colour

Front 86

When asked "who are you?" one responds "I am a boy, I have blue eyes, I have a bike" (physical attributes)

this response would likely be from someone _____ yrs old

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3-5, preschool age

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Ray says "My name is Ray, I am a good swimmer, I am an honest person"

Including descriptions of more external attributes as well as inner qualities, Ray is probably around ______ yrs old

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11 (middle childhood)

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"me"; the aspects others can see or infer

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Public self

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"I"; The inner/subjective aspects of self that are known only to the individual and are not available for public scrutiny

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the Private self

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What is theory of mind?

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an understanding that people have mental states (desires, beliefs, intentions) that are not always shared w others, & that often guide their behaviour

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What is the 1st step towards acquiring a Theory of Mind?

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realizing that oneself & others are animate objects whose behaviours reflect goals and intentions

Front 92

If a 6m/o sees an actor talking to an unseen stimulus behind a screen, what do they expect to see once the screen is removed?

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an animate object; they'd be surprised to see an inanimate object bc they recognize that people don't usually talk to inanimate objects

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By what age can a child typically discriminate between an adult's negative and positive intent?

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9mos

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What is desire theory?

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a person's actions are thought to be a reflection of her desires rather than other mental states, such as beliefs

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at what age do toddlers discover that desires influence behaviour?

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18mos --> if tommy wants a cookie, he is going to go get a cookie

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if an 18m/o were to see a woman express disgust when eating crackers, but enjoyment when eating broccoli, which of the 2 options would they offer the woman?

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they would offer her the broccoli, as they understand that the woman desires the broccoli over the crackers

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understanding of the workings of the mind expands rapidly between ______ yrs old

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2-5

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2-3yr olds display some understanding of the connections between different mental states; they know that a child who wants a cookie will feel ________ if they receive it, & ________ if they don't

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happy; sad

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at 2-3yrs old (desire theorists), kids start to become aware that others cannot perceive their thoughts, this often leads to the beginning of ___________

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lying

Front 100

What is belief desire theory of mind?

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kids recognize that beliefs and desires are different mental states and that either or both can influence one's conduct

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a boy breaks his mother's vase - he tries to overcome mom's desire to punish him by altering her mental state (trying to make her believe it was unintentional)

What does this exemplify?

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belief desire theory of mind