Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
It contains one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent of mutually miscible solvents |
Liquid preparations |
|
|
Solutions of substances dissolved in alcohol or hydroalcoholic solvent |
Tinctures |
|
|
Most organic products form ____ |
molecular solids |
|
|
Aligns themselves with other dipolar molecules so that negative pole of one molecule points toward the positive pole of the other |
Dipolar molecules |
|
|
Involves strongly electronegative atoms that exists in water |
Hydrogen bonding |
|
|
Hydrogen bonds also exist between some ______,_______,_______,________,_______ |
Alcohol molecules, esters, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, polypeptides |
|
|
Attractive forces between atoms lead to formation of _______ |
Molecules and ions |
|
|
It indicates the maximum concentration to which a solution may be prepared with that agent and solvent |
Solubility |
|
|
Maximum possible concentration varies on ______ |
Chemical constitution of solute |
|
|
Results in increase solubility with increase in temperature |
Positive heat of solution |
|
|
it exhibits decrease in solubility with increase in temperature |
Negative heat of solution |
|
|
Solubility of pure substance at given temperature and pressure is _____ |
Constant |
|
|
The finer the powder, the ________ surface area which leads to ________ |
greater, rapid dissolving process |
|
|
greater agitation, the more ______ solvent passes over the drug and faster __________ |
unsaturated; formation of solution |
|
|
Experienced pharmacist can estimate general solubility of compound by ________ |
molecular structure, functional groups |
|
|
Increase in molecular weight without a change in polarity results in ______ |
decrease in solubilty in water |
|
|
↑ Polar = ________ |
↑ solubility in water |
|
|
Organic compounds are soluble in water if they contain _______ |
polar groups capable of hydrogen bonding |
|
|
Introduction of _________ decrease water solubility because of an increase molecular weight. |
Halogen atoms |
|
|
They form water soluble compound with nitrates. Examples are calcium, magnesium and barium |
Divalent cations |
|
|
They are water soluble. Examples are sodium, potassium, ammonium |
Monovalent cations |
|
|
Divalent captions does not form water soluble compounds with _______ |
Carbonates, phosphates, hydroxide anions |
|
|
It has poor solubility in water |
Multivalent anions and cations |
|
|
they are water insoluble |
Hydroxides |
|
|
They are water insoluble |
Sulfides, phosphates, carbonates, silicates, borates, hypochlorite |
|
|
Molecules having _________ are usually soluble to a total length of 5 carbons |
One polar functional group |
|
|
Branched chains are ______ than straight chains |
More soluble |
|
|
↑ structural similarity = |
↑ solubility |
|
|
It augments the solvent action of water and contribute to product's stability |
Auxiliary solvent |
|
|
Commonly used as auxiliary solvents |
Alcohols, glycerin, propylene glycol |
|
|
It is the most useful solvent in pharmacy |
Alcohol |
|
|
Alcohol with water forms _________ that dissolves both alcohol-soluble and water-soluble substances |
Hydroalcoholic mixtures |
|
|
used when water-free alcohol is desired; aka absolute alcohol |
Dehydrated alcohol, USP |
|
|
Alcohol is preferred because of _______ |
Miscibility with water, ability to dissolve water-insoluble ingredients |
|
|
Recommended alcohol limit for 6-12 yrs old |
0.5% |
|
|
Recommended alcohol content limit for children over 12 years of age |
5% |
|
|
Recommended alcohol content limit for adults |
10% |
|
|
It is useful in hydroalcoholic solvent in various pharmaceutical processes and preparations |
Diluted alcohol, NF |
|
|
It contains 70% ethyl alcohol by volume |
Rubbing alcohol |
|
|
It used as germicide for instruments and skin cleanser prior to injection and a vehicle for tropical prep |
Rubbing alcohol |
|
|
clear, syrupy liquid with sweet taste |
Glycerin |
|
|
It used as preservative, stabilizer and auxiliary solvent and used in internal preparations |
Glycerin, USP |
|
|
Employed in diabetic patients in preparing needles and syringes for hypodermic injections of insulin |
91% isopropyl alcohol |
|
|
A viscous liquid that is miscible in water and is a substitute for glycerin |
Propylene glycol |
|
|
Signs of incompatibility of purified water with other solvent |
Precipitation, discoloration, effervescence |
|
|
Purified water is obtained by |
Distillation, ion exchange treatment and reverse osmosis |
|
|
It passed water through a column of cation and anion exchanges consisting water-insoluble synthetic polymerized phenolics |
Ion exchange method |
|
|
It permits exchange of cations in solutions |
Acid exchangers |
|
|
It permits the removal of anions |
Base exchange resins |
|
|
Purified water is also called |
Demineralized or deionised water |
|
|
In this process, a pressurised stream of water is passed parallel to inner side of filter membrane core |
Reverse osmosis |
|
|
The water that has passed through the system in reverse osmosis is called |
Concentrate |
|
|
It can remove particles defined in the range of microfiltration |
Cross-flow filter membranes |
|
|
Example of salt that undergoes exothermic reactions |
Calcium salts |
|
|
Partitioning effect can reduce ______ |
Effectiveconcentration of preservatives in aqueous medium |
|
|
ions that help correct metabolic acidosis |
Bicarbonates and citrates |
|
|
It acts as osmotic agent in GIT and the balanced Electrolyte concentrations results in no net absorption of ions. |
PEG |
|
|
A colourless to slightly yellow, clear effervescent liquid with lemon flavor |
Magnesium citrate solution |
|
|
It provides an excellent medium for growth of molds; saline cathartice |
Magnesium citrate solution |
|
|
It is used as systemic alkalinzer for patients with long-term maintenance of alkaline urine |
Sodium citrate and citric acid oral solution |
|
|
sugarmost frequently used in syrups |
Sucrose |
|
|
Example of nonglycogenetic subsatnces |
Methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose |
|
|
A thick, sweet syrup that has soothing effect on irritates tissues of throat as it passed over them |
Antitussive syrups |
|
|
They are quite resistant to microbial growths because of unavailability of water requires for growth of microorganisms |
Concentrated sugar solution |
|
|
It contains 64% of polyhydric alcohol sorbitol |
Sorbitol solution, USP |
|
|
It is used in syrup to assist dissolving in alcohol-soluble ingredients but is not present on the final product |
Alcohol |
|
|
This method is used when it is desired to prepare syrups quickly as possible |
Solution with aid of heat |
|
|
In solutions with aid of heat, ________ is the catalyst of rxn |
Hydrogen ion |
|
|
It is more time consuming than heating but through this process, maximum stability is attained |
Solution by agitation without the aid of heat |
|
|
It builds up toxic levels within body tissues |
Emetine |
|
|
It is a clear, sweetened hydroacoholic solutions intended for oral use |
Elixir |
|
|
Nonmedicated elixirs are used as _____ while medicated elixirs are used as _______ |
Vehicle; for therapeutic effect |
|
|
They are less sweet than syrups and less effective |
Elixirs |
|
|
It can maintain both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble components in a solution and is preferred than syrups. |
Elixirs |
|
|
Elixir which contains ___&_ are self-preserving |
10-12% alcohol |
|
|
Advantage of elixir |
Flexibility and ease of dosage administration to patient with difficulty of swallowing |
|
|
Appearance of elixir |
cloudy because of separation of some flavouring oils by reduced alcoholic concentration |
|
|
It used as filter aid and absorbs excessive amounts of oils |
Talc |
|
|
Contributes to solvent effect of hydroalcoholic vehicle |
Glycerin, syrup, sorbitol, peg |
|
|
Glycerin, peg, sorbitol, syrup adds to viscosity of elixir which ______ |
Slows down rate of filtration |
|
|
Most common untoward effect of antihistamine elixir |
Sedation |
|
|
Antihistamine agents are ____ |
Basic amines |
|
|
pH of elixir |
On the acidic side to remain freely soluble in water |
|
|
It produces various degree ofcns depression |
Barbiturates |
|
|
Most useful in maintaing daytime sedation and is least useful as hynotics |
Long-acting barbiturates |
|
|
It is used for short-term daytime sedation and effective in treating insomia |
Intermediate-acting barbiturates |
|
|
It is used to induce anesthesia |
Ultra-short acting barbiturates |
|
|
Most common untoward effect of barbiturates |
Drowsiness |
|
|
It is a white, crystalline powder that is insoluble in water but soluble in dilute alcohol solutions |
Digoxin |
|
|
It cannot be mixed successfully with liquid too diverse in solvent because the solute may precipitat |
Tinctures |
|
|
Examples of tinctures |
Paregoric, opium |
|
|
Benzoin tincture is prepared by |
Maceration |
|
|
It used to relieve nasal congestion and inflammation |
Sprays |
|
|
coarse droplets or finely divided solids |
Sprays |
|
|
Examples of sprays |
Insulin and glucagon |
|
|
It is developed to deliver medication into the nose |
One-way pump sprays |
|
|
It prevents drawback contamination of nasal fluids |
Sprays |
|
|
It emits medication in form of fine droplets |
Atomisers |
|
|
Burrow solution |
Alumninum acetate topical solution |
|
|
A colourless and has faint acetous odor, astringent taste |
Burrow soln |
|
|
Stronger than burrow solution |
Modified burrow soln |
|
|
It is less soluble in hot than in cold water and cool purified water is the solvent |
Lime water |
|
|
Lime water |
calcium hydroxide topical solution |
|
|
It is employed in combination with other ingredients in dermatologic solutions and lotions |
Lime water |
|
|
It is a black liquid having naphthlene-like odor and sharp, burning taste |
Coal tar |
|
|
It is soluble in water and slighty soluble in organic solvents |
Coal tar |
|
|
Liquor picis carbonis |
Coal tar |
|
|
It is used as antieczematic in external treatment of chronic skin conditions |
Coal tar |
|
|
It is a clear, colourless liquid that may be odorless or have the odor of ozone. |
Hydrogen peroxide |
|
|
An antiseptic. It's spectrum encompasses gram positive and gram negative bacteria including pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Chlorhexidine gluconate solution |
|
|
Side effect of chlorhexidine |
Formation of extrinsic yellow-brown stain on teeth and tongue |
|
|
A water-soluble organic mercurial antibacterial agent used for its bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties |
Thimerosal topical soln |
|
|
Components of thimerosal |
Ethylenediamine and sodium borate that maintains alkalinity of soln |
|
|
It used against monolial and trichomonal infections |
Vaginal suppositories |
|
|
It is administered as retention enemas or continuous drip as adjunctive treatment for patient with ulcerative colitis |
Corticosteroids |
|
|
It is used to cleanse bowels |
Rectal enemas |
|
|
It is a household first aid |
Iodine tincture |
|
|
The _______ color of iodine tincture that produces stain is used in delineating application over affected area. |
Reddish-brown |
|
|
It protects and toughens the skin in treatment of bedsores, ulcers, cracked nipples. |
Compound benzoin tincture |
|
|
It is commonly used as inhalant in respiratory conditions |
Compound benzoin tincture |
|
|
It serves as delivery vehicle of podophyllum in treatment of venereal warts. |
Compound benzoin treatment |
|
|
Examples of dental anti-infective |
Camphorated parachlorophenol, carbamide peroxide topical soln |
|
|
Examples of topical dental anesthetic |
Lidocaine oral spray, benzocaine |
|
|
Dental prophylactic |
Sodium fluoride oral soln and sodium fluoride tablets, phosphoric acid gel and phosphoric acid topical soln |
|
|
Dental anri-fungal |
Nystatin oral susp |
|
|
Temporary dental filling mix |
Zinc oxide-eugenol mixture |
|
|
Dental diagnostic aid |
Erythrosine sodium topical soln |
|
|
Dental analgesic |
Eugenol |
|
|
Local dental anti-infective |
Cetylpyridinium chloride soln |
|
|
A clear, aqueous soln saturated with volatile oils |
Aromatic waters |
|
|
Aromatic substances has _____ solubility in water |
Low |
|
|
It is used for perfuming and flavoring |
Aromatic waters |
|
|
It contains greater concentration that aromatic waters |
Spirits |
|
|
It is used as rubefacient, counterirritant |
Liniments |
|
|
__________ are less irritating to skin than alcoholic liniments |
Oleaginous liniments |
|
|
It is obtained by action of mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid on cotton |
Pyroxylin |
|
|
A clear, slightly opalescent viscous liquid prepared by dissolving pyroxylin in mixture of ether and alcohol |
Collodion |
|
|
Collodion is capable of _________ on application to skin and volatilisation of solvent |
Forming a protective film |
|
|
2% camphor, 3% castor oil |
Flexible collodion |
|
|
In collodion, It renders the product flexible, permitting comfortable use on skin. |
Castor oil |
|
|
In flexible collodion, it makes the product waterproof. |
Camphor |
|
|
10% soln of salicylic acid in flexible soln |
Salicylic acid collodion |
|
|
It is used for its keratolytic effect esp in removal of corns from toes. |
Salicylic acid collodion |
|
|
It has undergone no other processes than collection, cleaning and drying |
Crude drugs |
|
|
It concentrates the constitution of crude drug and removes from extraneous matter |
Extraction |
|
|
Menstruum |
Solvent mixture |
|
|
Matc |
Exhausted active constituent |
|
|
Selection of menstruum is based on _____ |
Ability to dissolve the active constituents |
|
|
Most versatile and widely employed menstruum |
Hydroalcoholic mixture |
|
|
It provides inherent protection against microbial contamination and prevents separation of extracted material on standing |
Hydroalcoholic mixture |
|
|
It is useful in preventing separation of tannin and tannin oxidation products in extractives |
Glycerin |
|
|
Maceration |
To soak |
|
|
Maceration is conducted at what temp and how many days? |
15-20°c for 3 days |
|
|
Percolation |
To strain |
|
|
In percolation, the extractive is called |
Percolate |
|
|
A type of percolator that is suited to complete extraction of drug under minimal expenditure of menstruum |
Cylindrical percolator |
|
|
Liquid prep of vegetable drug prep by percolation |
Fluid extracts |
|
|
Bitter tasting, too potent to be administered |
Fluid extracts |
|
|
Two to six times potent on weight basis than crude drugs |
Extracts |
|
|
Solid extracts are also called |
Pilular |
|
|
An extract Prepared without the intent of removing all or most of menstruum |
Semi-liquid extracts |
|
|
An extract prepared with nearly all menstruum removed |
Pilular extracts |
|
|
An extract prepared by removal of all menstruum insofar as is feasible or practical |
Powdered extracts |
