Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Macionis definition of Social Stratification |
A system by which society ranks categories in a hierarchy
|
|
|
Newman's definition of Social Stratification
|
Structured inequality |
|
|
Principles of Social Stratification (Macionis)
|
1. Trait of society, not individual differences |
|
|
Social Mobility
|
A change in position within the social hierarchy |
|
|
Closed VS. Open Stratification System
|
Closed: No social mobility
-caste systems Open: Is social mobility -class systems |
|
|
Caste System in traditional ____
|
India
|
|
|
Predictor in an open stratification system?
|
Where their parents are |
|
|
Differentiation
|
Notices differences between people
(Brown vs Blue eyed kids story) |
|
|
Apartheid
|
(apart) Keep races separate
-Mandella overturned |
|
|
Stratification systems are ____ to change
|
Hard
|
|
|
Stratification systems are _____ supported by ideology that supports it
|
Always |
|
|
Caste System
|
Social Stratification based on ascription, or birth, hereditary, religiously dictated, tends to be fixed |
|
|
Indias Caste System
|
4 Varnas - (castes) |
|
|
Class System
|
Social Stratification based on economic position. both birth and individual achievement |
|
|
Meritocracy
|
Social stratification based on personal merit |
|
|
Status Consistency
|
degree of uniformity in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality |
|
|
Primogeniture
|
required all land to pass through the oldest male son |
|
|
Structural Social Mobility
|
A shift in the social position of a large group due to changes in society
|
|
|
Ideology
|
Cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality |
|
|
Davis-Moore Thesis
|
Social Stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society |
|
|
Capitalists (Boureoisie) |
people who own and operate factories for profits, owners of means of production technology and labor. |
|
|
Proletarians (working class) |
People who sell labor for wages, lack ownership of the means of production |
|
|
Alienation
|
Experience of isolation and misery because of powerlessness
|
|
|
Why no Marxist Revolution?
|
Why is capitalism still thriving. |
|
|
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
|
A composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality
|
|
|
Conspicuous Consumption
|
Buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position |
|
|
Income
|
Earnings from work or investments
|
|
|
Wealth
|
Total value of assets minus debts
|
|
|
Absolute Poverty
|
Can't meet the basic needs of survival
-food, clothes |
|
|
Relative Poverty
|
The lack of resources compared to others that have more |
|
|
High-Prestige vs. Low-Prestige
|
High: A lot of time, experience and training
-typically men Low: Not a lot of experience, lower income |
|
|
John Kenneth Galbraith
|
The Affluent society
|
|
|
The Affluent Society
|
Our societies model = growth
-Hard to grow more in our society because we have everything we need -To grow, we create wants (created by advertising and planned obsolesce) -Money buys everything |
|
|
Obsolete
|
Planning for something to become useless very soon
|
|
|
Oliver James
|
The modern form of Affluent society : Affluenza |
|
|
Afflunza
|
Modern day Affluent Society
-High level of emotional distress in wealthy countries -Expected to find them happy -Anxiety, eating disorders -"A rich man's worry" |
|
|
The Original Affluent Society
|
-Hunters and Gatherers |
|
|
Hunting and Gathering Economies
|
-Do not recognize concept of poverty
-Not poor, free |
|
|
Poverty can only be recognized in a society where there is ______
|
Affluence
|
|
|
Distribution differences in income vs. wealth
|
Income: 5ths. Evenly
Wealth: Uneven. Top 5% accounts for whole populations wealth |
|
|
Life Chances
|
The opportunity one has to access societies resources |
|
|
The Politics of stratification: Blame the Poor vs. Blame Society
|
Blame the poor - "culture of poverty" (Lewis) |
|
|
The Sociology of Stratification: Functionalism vs Conflict Theorists
|
Funct: Necessary |
|
|
The Uses of Poverty
|
Herbert Gans
-Not for society as a whole, but for the "non-poor" -Funct. -Have to make some people desperate so they do the work that we aren't willing to do |
|
|
Upper-uppers vs Lower-uppers
|
Born vs Work for it
|
|
|
Intragenerational social mobility
|
Change in social position during a persons lifetime
|
|
|
Intergenerational social mobility
|
Change in social position in a child's life in relation to their parents
|
|
|
Global Stratification
|
Patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole
|
|
|
High-Income Countries |
The nations with highest overall standards of living, highly industrialized, industrialize earlier, |
|
|
Middle-Income Countries |
Average standard of living, Diverse group often divided into upper and lower middle I.G -GDP Between $2,500 and $12,000, 19% of income |
|
|
Low-Income Countries
|
Diverse Group, Nations with a low standard of living -Mostly agricultural in early phase of industrialization |
|
|
First-World
Second-World Third-World |
Most industrialized |
|
|
Low, Middle, High - Income model advantages
|
-Focuses on economic rather than political systems |
|
|
Chattel Slavery
|
1 person owns another
|
|
|
Child Slavery
|
Poor families let their children on the streets to do what they can to survive
|
|
|
Debt Bondage
|
Employers hold workers captive by paying them too little to meet their debts |
|
|
Servile forms of Marriage
|
Another type of slavery
-against woman's will |
|
|
Human Trafficking
|
Movement of people for forced labor |
|
|
6 Explanations of Global Poverty
|
1. Technology |
|
|
Colonialism
|
The process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations |
|
|
Neocolonialism
|
A new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corps. |
|
|
Multinational Corporation
|
A large business that operates in many countries
|
|
|
Modernization theory
|
-Rostow |
|
|
In the modernization theory, how do we reduce the birth rate?
|
Give woman an education
|
|
|
T/F: Half the worlds wealth is owned by 2% of population |
True |
|
|
T/F Gates and Buffet have more wealth than 34 poorest countries have combined
|
True
|
|
|
Highest vs Lowest GDP
|
Norway vs Niger
|
|
|
"Material World" - Peter Menzel
|
Asked people to bring belongings outside to compare people
|
|
|
US ranks ____ in infant mortality
|
29th
Ties with Poland |
|
|
US is a _____ economy
|
Post Industrial
12% manufacturing 2% agriculture |
|
|
Stages of Modernization
|
1. Traditional stage
-Honor the past, build lives around families, little freedom 2. Take off stage -Use talents and imagination to spark econ. growth, goods, more individualism 3. Drive to technological maturity -growth is widely accepted, absolute poverty greatly reduced, schooling 4. High mass consumption -higher living standards, "need" for expanding goods |
|
|
The Role of Rich Nations
|
1. Controlling population
-giving birth control 2. Increasing food production -Green Revolution 3. Introducing industrial technology -machinery 4. Providing Foreign Aid |
|
|
Dependency Theory |
A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones |
|
|
Wallerstein's Capitalist World Economy(dependency) |
-Rich depend on poor
-Resources flow from periphery to core (poor to rich) (remaining: semiperiphery) -World economy only benefits rich HOW? 1. Narrow, export-oriented economies -poor develop few industries 2. Lack of industrial capacity -rich buy materials, then poor has to buy from them 3. Foreign Debt |
|
|
When the global economy is based in high-income countries ____ is involved.
|
Capitalism
-think poverty is inevitable. "natural process" |
|
|
The role of rich nations between modernization and dependency
|
M: Rich countries PRODUCE wealth though capital investment and technology
D: how countries DISTRIBUTE wealth, rich have overdeveloped them, and underdeveloped everyone else |
|
|
Unequal distribution of wealth?
|
-most people around world are better off in absolute terms
-M: government challenges this because they play such a huge role in economic growth -D: Poor countries doubt M theory, and want to place everything in Government control |
|
|
All countries contain ____ poverty, but low-income nations face _____ poverty.
|
Relative, Absolute
|
|
|
Structural-Functional Approach to Social Stratification |
-Helps society operate
-Davis-Moore Thesis -Caste: rewarded for duties at birth -Class: unequal rewards attract ablest people |
|
|
Symbolic-Interaction Approach to Social Stratification
|
-Look for cues to social standing
-Conspicuous Consumption -Socialize with others of same class |
|
|
Social-Conflict Approach to Social Stratification
|
-Classes, benefitting some, hurting others
-Marx: capitalism puts econ. prod. under capitalists, exploit proletarians (sell wages) -Weber: 3 dimensions of class: economic class, social status, prestige or power, conflict is between these people in different positions on SES |
|
|
Timeline of Social Stratification
|
Hunting and Gathering
Horticultural and Pastoral Agrarian Industrial Postindustrial |
|
|
Gerhard Lenski
|
Advancing technology increases social stratification, (most intense in agrarian societies)
|
|
|
What reduces social stratification? |
Industrialization
|
|
|
Social Stratification DIMENSIONS |
Income |
|
|
Upper Class
|
5% of population -earn more than $180,000 yr -inherited wealth, own business, and hold large numbers of stock (shares) |
|
|
Middle Class |
Working in white collar and lower managerial occupations -occupational prestige, income, and wealth split M.C into Upper and Lower M.C -boundaries of social classes are so fluid -diverse group of occupations, lifestyles, and people who earn stable income -40-45% to 50% of population Upper MC $100,000-$180,000 Lower M.C $38,000 to $100,000 |
|
|
Working Class |
Broadly composed of people working in blue-collar or manual labor occupations -20% of American households fall into W.C |
|
|
Lower Class and Underclass |
L.C composed of ppl work part-time or not at all -annual income typically below $20,000 -20% american households "Under Class"- situated at bottom of class system, people in the highest-poverty neighborhoods in the inner city -under the radar -"New Urban Poor" -many ethnic minority backgrounds |
|
|
In 2011 the government classifies ___ million people as in poverty |
46 million in US |
|
|
Englands "caste" system |
-Middle Ages |
|
|
Kuznets Curve
|
-Simon Kuznets
-Countries already industrialized have less income inequality that farming nations -Compares countries at different levels, so cant tell us the future |
|
|
Feminization of Poverty |
Growing numbers of women who are single mothers, divorced, or separated, increasing proportion of poor. Poor dominated by single mothers and children |
|
|
Lower Class |
20% of population |
