Sociology-Chapter 1 And 2 Test

Front 1

What is sociology? Describe what it is and both levels

Back 1

The scientific study of society and social interaction.
-Micro level: one on one/face to face
-Macro level: massive social forces

Front 2

What does seeing the general in the particular mean?

Back 2

Looks beyond specific events and individuals to identify social pattern
-Focus on how the behavior of particular individuals may reflect larger social patterns

Front 3

What is terrorism? Describe what it is and the two types of terrorism (revolutionary and repressive)

Back 3

-The attempt to utilize fear or terror created by violence against civilians to achieve political ends
-Revolutionary-done by those rebelling against the social order to bring change, we observe by sex, age, ethnicity when observing this terrorism
-Repressive: done by agents of the social order to repress change

Front 4

What does seeing the strange in the familiar mean?

Back 4

The sociological perspective involves detaching oneself from familiar ways of thinking in order to gain new insights

Front 5

What did Emily Durkehim argue about suicide? Describe in depth

Back 5

Argued that suicide was not just due to psychopathologies. There are macro structural forces that contribute to suicide in which some categories of people are more likely to kill themselves than others because of location in social structure

Front 6

What is social integration?

Back 6

Level of social solidarity or the strength of ties that bond people together. how integrated are people to societal norms and values, to their families, jobs?
The level of social integration is a factor in suicide

Front 7

What are the two types of suicide and what do they both relate to?

Back 7

Anomic and Altruistic
Both relate to levels of social integration

Front 8

What is anomie?

Back 8

Durkheims term for a condition in which society provides relatively little moral guidance to individuals. Anomic condition increase if a society is in a rapid state of change

Front 9

Describe anomic suicide

Back 9

too much social change, lots of individualism and not enough regulations
-related to low levels of social integration due to confusion over norms and low degree of regulation of behavior

Front 10

Describe altruistic suicide

Back 10

too much integration, honor bond, not enough individualism
-related to high levels of social solidarity, traditional conservative cultures

Front 11

Ethnocentrism

Back 11

practice of judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture

Front 12

Cultural relativism

Back 12

practice of judging a culture by its own standards

Front 13

Global perspective

Back 13

study of the larger world and our societys place in it

Front 14

High income countries

Back 14

highly industrialized (18% of worlds population)

Front 15

Middle income countries

Back 15

moderatly industrialized (54% of worlds population)

Front 16

Low income countries

Back 16

not yet industrialized, lots of poverty (27% of worlds population)

Front 17

Social marginality

Back 17

THE STATE OF BEING SINGLED OUT AS AN OUTSIDER AND EXCLUDED FROM SOCIAL ACTIVTIES
(minority groups singled out typically by race, sex, social class)

Front 18

Stereotype

Back 18

simplified description applied to every person in some category

Front 19

Social structure

Back 19

any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

Front 20

Name the 3 key historical/social changes that gave rise to Sociology

Back 20

Industrial Revolution, Urbanization and political changes

Front 21

Describe how the industrial revolution gave rise to sociology

Back 21

technological changes uprooted traditional life, family as an institution wasnt the central place of production and the factory work was different

Front 22

Describe how urbanization gave rise to sociology

Back 22

technological changes promoted massive migration from small towns to cities and the cities were becoming over-crowded and polluted

Front 23

Describe how political changes gave rise to sociology

Back 23

the american revolution set in motion other political revolutions in the name of democracy and various monarchies collapsed giving rise to new governments that allowed more freedom

Front 24

What did all 3 of these events lead people to ask

Back 24

whether a new discipline could emerge to address and help understand these social changes

Front 25

Who first coined the term sociology and when did it emerge?

Back 25

Auguste Comte in the early 19th century, meaning scientifc approach to the study of society

Front 26

Comte was a positivist. What is positivism?

Back 26

A way of understanding based on science and the belief that through science one can achieve complete objectivity.

Front 27

Theory

Back 27

a statement of how and why specific facts are related

Front 28

Describe structural functionalism

Back 28

this model views society as a complex system whose parts function together to promote stability, assumes institutions are interrelated, have various functions and dysfunctions and that what holds a society together is a high degree of shared norms and values

Front 29

Who was Herbert Spencer?

Back 29

Early functionalist who saw society as a living organism consisting of various "structures" or parts, each of which has a functional significance to the overall body

Front 30

What were the 3 functions that Robert Murton developed?

Back 30

manifest functions (positive, intended), latent functions ( not intended or necessary but provided side benefits) and dysfunctions (harmful effects)

Front 31

Describe social conflict paradigm

Back 31

view of society as a complex system in which different groups with different levels of power compete over scare resources. Developed initially by Karl Marx

Front 32

Describe symbolic interactionism

Back 32

examines how people contract subjective reality to pattern their everyday social interaction with others like our parents. This interaction occurs thru the exchange of symbols like words. Through this exchange we develop our particular world views

Front 33

Describe subjective reality vs objective reality

Back 33

we respond to each other on the basis of how we interpret each other, not necessarily who we really are. Subjective is what we percieve to be true, objective is what is true independent of our perceptions

Front 34

Who greatly influenced the emergence of interactionism?

Back 34

Max Weber German

Front 35

What is verstehen?

Back 35

importance of empathy or understanding the subjective reality of others in order to understand their behavior, the need to understand a setting from the pov of the people in it

Front 36

Who is William duBois?

Back 36

saw sociology as the key to solving society's problems especially racial inequality

Front 37

Who is Harriet Martineau

Back 37

first woman sociologist, translated writing of comte from french to english, concerned about position of women in society

Front 38

Who is Jane Addams?

Back 38

sociological pioneer who helped find the Hull House, a house that provided help for immigrants

Front 39

What is science?

Back 39

a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation

Front 40

Empirical evidence

Back 40

evidence we can verify with our senses and Experience

Front 41

Operationalize a variable

Back 41

specifying exactly what will be measured to indicate a variable

Front 42

What are the 2 types of influences amongst variables?

Back 42

Independent- one that causes change
Dependent-one that is affected by the other

Front 43

Variable

Back 43

any characteristic that can change or have different levels, rates or statuses

Front 44

Correlation

Back 44

a regular relationship b/w 2 or more variables; the beginning point in establishing causation or cause-effect relationships

Front 45

High correlation

Back 45

when great changes to the independent variable are associated with similar great changes to the dependent variable

Front 46

Low correlation

Back 46

when great changes to the independent variable are associated with only minor changes in the status of the dependent variable

Front 47

Positive correlation

Back 47

when an increase in the independent variable is associates with an increase in the dependent variable

Front 48

Negative correlation

Back 48

when an increase in the independent variable is associated with a decrease in the dependent variable

Front 49

Validity

Back 49

actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure

Front 50

Reliability

Back 50

consistency in measurement

Front 51

Replication of research

Back 51

repeated research done in exactly the same way by others should yield similar results

Front 52

Quantitative data

Back 52

numerical measuremenets of peoples behavior

Front 53

Qualitative data

Back 53

researchers are interested in the perceptions of subjects (subjective reality) and how they understand their world

Front 54

Interpretive sociology

Back 54

adopts a qualtitative approach w/ emphasis on verstehen (empathy), prone to bias but yields rich insights

Front 55

Scientific sociology

Back 55

adopts a quantitative approach w/ emphasis on scientific methods, exclusion of bias and statistical measurements

Front 56

Critical sociology

Back 56

related to karl marx, qualitative method that focuses on ethical issues involving the need for social change-usually to reduce severe inequality, prone to bias but rich insights

Front 57

Spurious Correlation

Back 57

an apparent but false relationship b/w 2 or more variables that is caused by some other variable

Front 58

Use of controls

Back 58

ways of excluding the influence of outside variables so they do not influence the relationship of interest

Front 59

Name the 4 basic research methods

Back 59

the experiment, survey, observational studies and secondary data analysis

Front 60

Describe experiment

Back 60

a research method for investigating cause and effect relationships under highly controlled conditions, the purpose is to test the hypothesis

Front 61

Describe survey

Back 61

research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview-good for studying what cannot be observed directly

Front 62

What is scientific survey

Back 62

method of systematically obtaining accurate, standardized information about a population

Front 63

What is a representative sample

Back 63

individuals are selected in such a way as to accurately represent the population, must be randomly selected so that every member had an equal chance to be selected

Front 64

What is response rate

Back 64

percentage of the sample/census that agrees to participate, the higher the response rate the better

Front 65

What is a questionnaire

Back 65

series of written questions a researcher presents to a subject

Front 66

Whats the difference between detached observation and participant observation

Back 66

detached: researcher remains distant
participant: researches directly involved in the group

Front 67

Secondary data analysis

Back 67

involves re-examining data collected by others

Front 68

What is the hawthorne effect

Back 68

a change in a subjects behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied