Sociology 2Nd Term Mid-Term

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Victimization survey

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Survey asking if people have had crimes done to them

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Example of a positive function of crime

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o Increasing social solidarity
o Reinforcing social norms

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Retribution

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An eye for an eye theory of punishment

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Broken window theory

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Theory that you should stop minor crimes to stop major ones

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Invisible knapsack

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term used to describe white privilege

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Costly rules of masculinity according to Kimmel

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Avoid feminine, focus on external success, and be aggressive

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Time when welfare state was created in Canada

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After the great depression

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Example of high status, but low economic class

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Religious leaders, parents, teachers

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Rosenhans experiment illustrates this concept

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On being san and insane places.
Our Master status overshadows all other status

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Zimbardo prison study

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Study of situational deviance

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Example of means tested programs

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Welfare, or guaranteed income supplement

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Universal programs

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Programs that benefit everyone

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Why Marx thought class was exploitative

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Profit is created by one class and controlled by the other

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Patriarchy

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Social system in which men hold power

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Realistic conflict theory

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Prejudice comes from competition over resources

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Absolute poverty

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Deprivation of resources that is life threating

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Reasons why poverty hard cycle to escape

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• Everything related – Vicious cycle
• More expensive to be poor
• Debts from family
• Less social contacts

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Sex is defined as

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Biological

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Gender is defined as

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Social expectations

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Biological determinism

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o Structure societies on male and female categories
o 2 different body types

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Why inequality with women in work force

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• Child care and parental care
• General discrimination
• Social closer—restricting women from certain jobs (historical term)

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Feminization of an occupation

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• Occupation dominated by women
o Loses prestige
o Wages go down

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Social class

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• Hierarchical social relationship based on socioeconomic groups that reoccur over time
• Individuals economic and social position in society
• Institutions reinforce these classes

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Meritocracy

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• Rewards based on your achievement in society

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Conditions of class formation (according to Roy)

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• Economic surplus—perpetuate domination
• Caging effect – cant leave area or they will experience drop in quality of living

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3 groups of aboriginals that Canadian constitutions recognizes

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• Inuit
• Metis
• Indian

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Royal proclamation of 1763

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• Recognized Indian nations as tribes
• Extended sovernty
• Instructed colonial governments to respect Indian land

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Result of discrimination of the first nations

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Income, health, discrimination, justice

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Assimilation of first nations through...

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• Residential schools
• Restricting cultural practices
• Restricting language

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First Nations faced...

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• Legal systems – Corporate interest favored
• Political discrimination
• Commodifaction of nature
• Systematic racism – restricted from jobs ect.

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Causes of misery (Charon)

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• Social inequality
• Destructive social conflict
• Alienation
• Socialization

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Why is crime normal (Durkhime)?

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• Existence of it is a sign we are evolving as a society
• Exists in all societies
• Increase in social solidarity
• Defining groups moral boundaries

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Conceptions of deviance

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• Time
• society
• sub culture

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2 cultures in the code of the street

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• decent
• street

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what is the Code of the street

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• showing you are self sustaining though violence
• gaining respect

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Ehrenreich: Nickel and Dimed

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Low-wage work is not a solution to poverty or homelessness, but instead may cause poverty and homelessness

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Durkheim: Rules for the distinction of the normal from the pathological

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• Crime is a social construction:
o Essentialist perspective: the act is inherently criminal
o constructionist perspective: no act is inherently criminal; it is only deemed a crime if it is labeled and treated as such by society, ie if it breaks a society’s rules

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Anderson: The Code of the Streets

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• Causes of violence and crime in poor ghettos: financial stress due to low wages or unemployment, racism, drug addiction, drug trafficking, alienation, hopelessness

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Decent (code of the streets)

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mainstream, middle-class values

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Street (code of the streets)

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opposed to mainstream society

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Code of the streets

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informal rules governing interpersonal behavior & self-presentation

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juice

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Respect: right of deference earned through violence

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Essentialist perspective (roy ch 4)

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race is defined as a natural and biological phenomenon

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constructionist perspective (Roy ch 4)

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race as a socially invented phenomenon, there is no natural or genetic foundation.

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5 components of the definition of race (roy ch 4)

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1. common physical characteristics (especially skin color)
2. distinct groups: bounded categories (skin color is actually a gradient)
3. inherited through ancestry: associated with specific geographic origins, but complicated by multiplicities of ancestry: no ‘pure’ races
4. common behavioral characteristics associated with physical characteristics: association of skin color with cultural or personal traits
5. hierarchical rank relative to other racial groups: never ‘separate but equal’: concept of race invented to explain and justify inequality, defined by dominant group

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stereotype(roy ch 4)

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traits commonly associated with a group assumed to apply to each individual member of that group

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indentured servants(roy ch 4)

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not free: binding obligation to work; could be traded / sold

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chattel slavery(roy ch 4)

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defines people as property of owners; no rights as individuals

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5 factors of the creation of race(roy ch 4)

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1. rise of capitalism: chattel slavery = commodification of people
2. egalitarian rights: concept of human rights
3. concept of ‘savage’
4. legitimated through science: race categories assumed ‘real’
5. enshrined and enforced by law

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biological reductionism:(roy ch 4)

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behavioral differences explained through biological differences: environmental / cultural factors of behavior essentialized as biological

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identity(roy ch 4)

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people tend to self-identify into racial groups = perpetuates racial categories

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institutional racism(roy ch 4)

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institutional practices that perpetuate racial inequality.

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affirmative action(roy ch 4)

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preferential treatment for groups that have previously been discriminated against in order to equalized access to and representation in educational / political / economic fields

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color-blind (roy ch 4)

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argument against affirmative action: no race criteria, only merit; based on an ahistorical premise: falsely assumes level playing field, ignores history of discrimination and the social consequences thereof