Sociology 2 Exam

Front 1

Various individuals, groups, and organizations that influence the socialization process.

Back 1

Agents of Socialization

Front 2

Process through which people acquire the values and orientations found in statuses they will likely enter in the future.

Back 2

Anticipatory Socialization

Front 3

the practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it

Back 3

collectivism

Front 4

Control of mating to ensure that "defective" genes of troublesome individuals will not be passed on to future generations.

Back 4

Eugenics

Front 5

process in the development of self during which a child acquires the ability to take the role of a group or community (the generalized other) and conform his or her behavior to broad societal expectations.

Back 5

Game Stage

Front 6

Psychological, social, and cultural aspects of maleness and femaleness

Back 6

gender

Front 7

perspective of the larger society and its constituents values and attitudes

Back 7

generalized other

Front 8

essential aspect of who we are, consisting of our sense of self, gender, race, ethnicity, and religion

Back 8

identity

Front 9

culture in which personal accomplishments are a more important component of one's self-concept than group membership

Back 9

individualist culture

Front 10

sense of who we are that is defined by incorporating the reflected appraisals of others

Back 10

looking-glass self

Front 11

Process in the development of self during which a child develops the ability to take a role, but only from the perspective of one person at a time

Back 11

Play stage

Front 12

Behavior in which the person initiating an action is the same as the person toward whom the action is directed

Back 12

Reflexive behavior

Front 13

Process of learning new values, norms, and expectations when an adult leaves an old role and enters a new one

Back 13

Resocialization

Front 14

Ability to see oneself from the perspective of others and to use that perspective in formulating one's own behavior

Back 14

Role taking

Front 15

Unique set of traits, behaviors, and attitudes that distinguishes one person form the next; the active source and passive object of behavior

Back 15

Self

Front 16

Biological maleness or femaleness

Back 16

Sex

Front 17

Process through which one learns how to act according to the rules and expectations of a particular culture

Back 17

Socialization

Front 18

Place where individuals are cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period and where together they lead an enclosed, formally administered life

Back 18

Total Institution

Front 19

Grouping of students into different curricular programs, or tracks, based on an assessment of their academic abilities

Back 19

Tracking

Front 20

Statement designed to explain unanticipated, embarrassing, or unacceptable behavior after the behavior has occurred

Back 20

Account

Front 21

Action taken to restore an identity that has been damaged

Back 21

Aligning Action

Front 22

Area of social interaction away from the view of an audience, where people can rehearse and rehash their behavior

Back 22

Back stage

Front 23

Gently persuading someone who has lost fact to accept a less desirable but still reasonable alternative identity

Back 23

cooling out

Front 24

Assertion designed to forestall any complaints or negative reactions to a behavior or statement that is about to occur

Back 24

Disclaimer

Front 25

Study of social interaction as theater, in which people project images in front of others.

Back 25

Dramaturgy

Front 26

Spontaneous feeling experienced when the identity someone is presenting is suddenly and unexpectedly discredited in front of others

Back 26

embarrassment

Front 27

Area of social interaction where people perform and work to maintain appropriate impressions

Back 27

front stage

Front 28

the process by which we define others based on observable cues such as age, ascribed status characteristics such as race and gender, individual attributes such as physical appearance, and verbal nonverbal expressions

Back 28

impression formation

Front 29

Act of presenting a favorable public image of oneself so that others will form positive judgements

Back 29

impression management

Front 30

set of individuals who cooperate in staging a performance that leads an audience to form an impression of one or all team members

Back 30

performance team

Front 31

deeply discrediting characteristic that is viewed as an obstacle to competent or morally trustworthy behavior

Back 31

stigma

Front 32

Marriage within one's social group

Back 32

endogamy

Front 33

Marriage outside ones social group

Back 33

Exogamy

Front 34

Family unit consisting of the parent-child nuclear family and other relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

Back 34

extended family

Front 35

Two or more persons, including the householder, who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption and who live together as one household.

Back 35

family

Front 36

Living arrangement composed of one or more people who occupy a housing unit

Back 36

household

Front 37

the practice of being married to only one person at a time.

Back 37

monogamy

Front 38

living arrangement in which a married couple sets up residence separate from either spouse's family

Back 38

neolocal residence

Front 39

family unit consisting of at least one parent and one child

Back 39

nuclear family

Front 40

marriage of one person to more than one spouse at the same time

Back 40

polygamy

Front 41

Approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that all human behavior can be considered either inherently good or inherently bad

Back 41

Absolutism

Front 42

Official definition of an act of deviance as a crime

Back 42

criminalization

Front 43

theory of deviance positing that people will be prevented from engaging in a deviant act if they judge the costs of such an act to outweigh its benefits

Back 43

deterrence theory

Front 44

Behavior, ideas, or attributes of an individual or group that some people in society find offensive

Back 44

deviance

Front 45

Theory stating that deviance is the consequence of the application of rules and sanctions to an offender: a deviant is an individual to whom the identity "deviant" has been successfully applied

Back 45

Labeling Theory

Front 46

Definition of behavior as a medical problem, mandating the medical profession to provide some kind of treatment for it

Back 46

medicalization

Front 47

Approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that deviance is socially created by collective human judgments and ideas

Back 47

relativism

Front 48

Tracing descent through the mother

Back 48

Bilineal

Front 49

of, relating to, or based on relationship to the father or descent through the male line.

Back 49

Patrilineal

Front 50

victim of a crime or any wrongful act is held entirely or partially responsible for the harm that befell them

Back 50

blame the victim

Front 51

compliance with standards, rules, or laws

Back 51

conformity

Front 52

A stigma that you get because people around you have it

Back 52

courtesy stigma

Front 53

the family of one's parents and relatives

Back 53

family of orientation

Front 54

the family created by marriage

Back 54

family of procreation

Front 55

attempts to manipulate the consciousness of citizens so that the ruling ideology

Back 55

Ideological social control

Front 56

the average period that a person may expect to live

Back 56

life expectancy

Front 57

the length of time for which a person or animal lives or a thing functions

Back 57

life span

Front 58

is social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society

Back 58

marginalization

Front 59

as engaging in the initial act of deviance

Back 59

primary deviance

Front 60

respect or credit due to a person

Back 60

props

Front 61

as the stage in which one internalizes a deviant identity by integrating it into their self-concept

Back 61

Secondary deviance

Front 62

rights and obligations of the affected

Back 62

sick role

Front 63

is the regulation of individual and group behavior in an attempt to gain conformity and compliance to the rules of a given society, state, or social group

Back 63

social control

Front 64

system of behavioral and relationship patterns that are densely interwoven and enduring, and function across an entire society

Back 64

social institutions

Front 65

meaning the stigma disqualifies the stigmatized individual from full social acceptance

Back 65

spoiled identity

Front 66

holds that each society has a dominant set of values and goals along with acceptable means of achieving them. Not everyone is able to realize these goals

Back 66

strain theory

Front 67

the view of social behavior that emphasizes linguistic or gestural communication and its subjective understanding, especially the role of language in the formation of the child as a social being.

Back 67

symbolic interactionism

Front 68

include fraud, bribery, Ponzi schemes, insider trading, embezzlement, cybercrime, copyright infringement, money laundering, identity theft, and forgery.

Back 68

white collar crime