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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are Social Criminologists interested in?
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Studying behaviors that characterize individual groups. (ex. why are majority of prisoners in Canada of lower social classes?)
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What did Chicago school's urban researchers find?
Whats another name for Chicago School? |
Crime not randomly distributed across the population...
Ecological School of Criminology |
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Who were 2 Members of the Chicago School?
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Robert Park and Ernest Burgess
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What did Robert Park and Ernest Burgess discover?
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Evidence that levels of crime in Chicago were GEOGRAPHICALLY patterned
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What is Social Disorganization?
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In neighborhoods like the Zone of Transition, social controls break down because immigrant population in these areas 1. have FEW social ties, and are economically disadvantaged (cant effectively control their children)
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What is Merton's theory of Anomie?
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Occurs when societies inadvertently bring to bear pressure/strain on individuals, and this leads to RULE-BREAKING behavior. Strain caused by discrepancy between culturally defined goals (such as...) and institutionalized means (such as...) available to achieve these goals.
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What is Durkheim's theory of Anomie?
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Social condition causing the individual to feel lost or in a predicament of normlessness.
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Who is Emile Durkheim?
6 POINTS |
1.Suggested society held together by 'conscience collective'
2. breakdown of values in society = ANOMIE 3. Was a Stateist 4. established first sociology department 5. suggested crime/deviance could HELP society; taught us alot about ourselves 6. greatest social improvements have resulted from breaking the law (3 examples) |
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Who are Robert Park and Ernest Burgess?
4 POINTS |
1. provided evidence crime not evenly distributed throughout the city; it was geographically patterned
2. proposed crime was concentrated in a 'zone of transition' 3. so business district with oldest houses attracted ppl with little $ 4. criminal activity highest in areas in turmoil and socially disorganized |
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Who are Shaw and McKay?
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1. Believed social disorganization responsible for crime- social controls broken down (ex. immigrants with few social ties + economically disadvantaged, couldnt control children)
2. no controls to tell youth to stop bad behavior; gang activity may be normal response to social downfall |
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Who is Albert Cohen?
3 POINTS |
1. ppl are frustrated and undergo stress when they feel they cant suceed
2. working class youth know they wont get ahead no matter how hard they try 3. they tend to resort to delinquency |
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Who is Travis Hirschi?
2 POINTS |
1.Creator of the Control theory
2. if social bonds to society are weak, people may give into their egocentric impulses and engage in crime |
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Who is Edwin Sutherland?
3 POINTS |
1. Came up with Differential Association Theory
2. believes that criminal behaviour = learned from surroundings 3. unique because it explains white collar crime as well |
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Who is Ferdinand Tonnies?
5 POINTS |
1. Not a defeatest; didnt believe everything was lost
2. German Sociologist 3. Gemeinshaft = face-to-face societies; low levels of deviance , no prisons...small town structures like this; based on mutual aid 3. Gesellschaft = based on anonymous relations, market based (interactions w ppl just to get smthing), ppl didnt know who they interacted with on daily basis 4. beleived 'Communalism' = alternative. 5. you make communalism a part of society by creating more face to face relationships (subcultures helped this happen) |
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Who is Robert Merton?
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believes individuals generally share same cultural goals, and the shared means to achieving these goals may not be available (deviance results from a means/ends gap)
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Who is Frank Tannenbaum?
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Made up the Labelling theory; CJS labels ppl as deviant and criminal
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What is the 'Control Theory?'
3 POINTS |
1. Society is a set of institutions that acts to control and regulate rule-breaking behaviour.
2. If Social bonds are weak, individual will be open to their egocentric impulses and MAY engage in crime. 3. If a person is properly bonded to society, they will NOT engage in crime. |
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What is the 'Differential Association Theory?'
3 POINTS |
1. Edwin Sutherland believes criminal behavior is LEARNED from surroundings.
2. no unique learning process associated with acquiring criminal behavior. 3. This theory is good because it explains crime in ALL CLASSES! (white collar/ organized crime) |
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What is a 'Subculture?'
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1. Form in reaction to problems the members experience relating to the dominant culture.
2. May be composed primarily of youth who adapt or re-invent the symbols and values of the culture they are reacting to. |
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What is the 'Labelling Theory?'
2 POINTS |
1. Frank Tannenbaum beleives labelling a person as a deviant or outsider leads to the formation of a bad persona.
2. causal relationship between crime/ social control is reversed. (beleives social control leads to crime) |
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Who is Karl Marx?
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Came up with Marxism- no matter HOW hard a person works, its never enough
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What is Critical Criminology?
2 POINTS |
1. Capitalist Societies as marked by the struggle between elite and non-elite in society
2. Laws DONT reflect socially agreed-upon norms and values; so criminology should focus on RULE BREAKERS AND RULE MAKERS |
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What is Left Realism?
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Highlights the fact that most victims of street crime are people with working-class backgrounds. Tries to figure out why this is the case.
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What is Feminist Criminology?
2 POINTS |
1. Emerged in 1970's as response to crim having ignored womens' involvement in crime (as women and perpetrators).
2. helped raise awareness around women victims of male violence |
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Who was a person that disagreed with Emile Durkheim's theory? What was this theory called, and What did this person state?
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1. Douglas (1967)
2. Disagreed with Emile Durkheim's Suicide theory; 3. Believed that Durkheim didnt pay enough attention to how suicide statistics were collected (particualrly not addressing problems surrounding how coroners interpret causes of death and produce inaccurate statistics) |
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Compare Differences between Feudalism and Capitalism?
7 POINTS |
1. 3 estates/land---classes
2. rural/country---urban 3. agricultural---industrial 4. intimate---distant/mass 5. face-to-face---anonymous 6. low div. o labor---high div. o labor 7. mutual aid---competition/profit |
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What was another special aspect of Emile Durkheim's studies?
3 POINTS |
1. Division of Labor: looked at the breakdown of social institutions
2. mechanical solidarity: in feudal system; social relations built on whats needed 1 on 1 3. organic solidarity;division of labour quite intense; its all inter-related like an organism... society becomes like the human body; everything is inter-related |
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What 3 groups were most responsible for the suicide rate?
What was a conclusion from this? (According to Durkheim) |
1. Urban- ppl missed social networks
2. protestant- looked down upon 3. unmarried shared characteristic = ppl who were alone; with no social network |
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What is the 'Conscience Collective?' Who is it by?
4 POINTS |
1. holds society together; speaks to regulation of behavior (set rules, shared beliefs, norms and values)
2. feudal systems- con. coll. maintained easily 3. crime, deviance, social disorder come when not everyone has the shared values, interests, perspectives 4. Emile Durkheim |
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What are 6 approaches to Positive Deviance?
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1. Cutting Red Tape
2. Saftey Valve 3. Clarify Rules 4. Group Solidarity 5. Reference Point 6. Warning Signal |
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What is bad about low levels of crime? What type of society does this occur in?
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Not the type of society anyone really wants to live in; ex. Nazi Germany; mainly authoritarian and elite run so alot of fear because the ppl were so opressed
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What happens when there is low level of crime? Extreme example?
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state steps in and makes 'nuissance' things more illegal..
example= Kai Erickson looked at the Puritan Communities at time of Witch hunts; no crime before... so elders worried they wernt needed and they did witch hunts to reassert their reasons for existing in society |
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what are 5 responses to Means/ Ends by Robert Merton?
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1. conformity
2. innovation 3. ritualists 4. retreatists 5. rebels |
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Problems with Shaw and McKaw's theory?
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1. looked at neighborhoods with alot of crime
2. relied much too heacily on police stats 3. majority of working class were obedient; following law 4. bias in analysis- focus on working class and poor neighborhoods |
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What is the 'Social Interaction Theory'
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1. people dont respond to the world directly, but do so by attaching symbolic meanings to themselves in relation to physical and social world
2. social life involves a continuous process of interpreting meanings of our own acts and those of others |
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What are some disadvantages to the 'Degradation Ceremony' / Labelling theory
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1. doesnt explain primary deviance
2. complex relationship between primary deviance + CJS--> some ppl never re offend 3. class bias in labelling theory |
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What are Hirshi's 2 classes/ 4 different social bonds?
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classes= inner and outer
1. beliefs 2. commitments 3. attachments 4. involvements |
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What is anarchism?
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hierarchy leads to inequality/social struggles
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What happened when peasants were kicked off of the Commonlands?
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1. Enclosure Acts legitimized theft and mass murder
2. urbanization was a result- ppl moved to City because they lost their land, so they had nowhere else to go |
