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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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evaluation of one's beliefs |
self-esteem |
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where does self-identity come from? |
1. introspection 2. social interaction 3. self-perception 4. social comparison |
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downward social comparison |
- a way to maintain self-esteem - too much leads to an inflated, empty ego |
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self-serving attribution |
when we try to explain our behavior - external vs. internal Ex: for failure- I did not get the job because the boss was a jerk for success- I got the good because I am a hard worker and a friendly person |
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unrealistic optimism |
holding positive illusions may increase our vulnerability (overestimation) Ex: I will get an A on this test regardless if I study because I am smart |
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defensive pessimism |
anticipating problems to be better prepared for them Ex: My boss is meticulous and may not like my presentation so I must go back and make everything more detailed. |
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False consensus effect |
overestimate the commonality of your beliefs Ex: Everyone must think that going to college is important because everyone around me thinks so. |
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Self-Handicapping |
when unsure of potential success, we subconsciously create a handicap to influence performance Ex: I have a big job interview that I need to prepare for but I am going to binge watch Netflix. If you get the job, you are a great, successful person, if not you can blame it on the netflix. |
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BIRGing |
Basking in Reflected Glory- taking credit for someone's success who is close to us Ex: When your friend gets a promotion and you brag to everyone you know about how great a worker your friend is. |
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CORFing |
Cutting Off Reflected Failure Ex: When your friend gets arrested for drug trafficking you tell everyone that you weren't that good of friends to begin with. |
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High Self Esteem effects |
high life satisfaction, happiness, confidence, persistent in the face of failure |
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Low Self-Esteem effects |
psychological maladaptiveness, low relationship satisfaction, correlates with drug abuse and low income |
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How to boost self-esteem? |
Unconditioned Positive reward- encouraged even in the face of failure |
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Describe the study about Narcissism and Aggression |
People were with varying levels of narcissism and SE were asked to write essays. They then had those essays critiqued. Those with: high SE + high narcissism= more aggression low SE + high narcissism= less aggression high SE + low narcissism = low SE + low narcissism |
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Bottom Up Processing |
senses to brain What am I seeing? |
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Top Down Processing |
brain to senses past experiences affect present experiences |
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Why do we try to explain behavior? |
it helps us make sense of the world around us if we are able to predict other's behavior then we will now how to react which gives us the "illusion of control" |
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Correspondence Inference/ Fundamental Attribution |
We infer stable dispositions from people's actions We infer that there is a connection between behavior and personality |
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Yields Noncommon Effects |
part of Fundamental Attribution/Correspondence Inference means there is only one cause which we presume to be internal |
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Socially Undesirable |
part of Fundamental Attribution/Correspondence Inference we presume internal factors |
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Unconstrained Behavior |
part of Fundamental Attribution/Correspondence Inference means that person freely chose that behavior so we attribute it to internal factors |
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Discounting Principle |
part of Fundamental Attribution/Correspondence Inference - We decrease belief in internal cause if other causes exist Ex: If a persons trips on an upturned rug and bumps into someone, we are more likely to attribute the bump to the upturned rug instead of that person being rude. |
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Augmenting Principle |
part of Fundamental Attribution/Correspondence Inference - we increase our belief in internal factors if the behavior occurs in the presence of inhibitory factors Ex: If someone runs a red light we are more likely to conclude that person is unaware and a bad driver. |
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Covariation Theory |
1. Consensus- do other people act in the same way (external) or not (internal)? 2. Consistency- does this behavior happen all the time (internal) or only once (external)? 3. Distinctiveness- does the behavior occur in one situation (external) or all situations (internal)? |
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Fundamental Attribution Error/ Correspondence Bias |
by default, we assume a person's actions are directly caused by their beliefs/personality but our own are caused by external factors |
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Actor/Observer Effect |
When playing the actor we believe everything is caused by external factors b/c we are aware of all things that are happening. When playing the observer we believe everything the actor is doing is caused by internal factors b/c our attention is solely on them. |
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Defensive Attribution |
blaming the victim for their misfortune makes the event less common, give illusion of control (It won't happen to me) Ex:He got a DUI because he is irresponsible and was not careful enough. I am responsible and careful so I can drive home from the bar. |
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Belief in a Just World |
believe that good things happen to good people vice versa Ex: He failed because he is a bad student. I am a good student therefore I will get an A. |
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4 Attribution Errors |
1. Actor/ Observer Effect 2. Belief in a Just World 3. Fundamental Attribution Error/ Correspondence Bias 4. Defensive Attribution |
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What is a Heuristic? |
shortcut for quick/efficient but not always accurate judgments rules of thumb |
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Representative Heuristic |
shortcut to categorize a person into a group because of common characteristics stereotyping Ex: See a blonde hair blue eyed girl walking down the street, assume she is American. |
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Base Rate Fallacy |
when we forget to take the "base rate" into account when judging someone Ex: Blonde hair and blue eyes is more common in Northern Europe so the chances are that girl is not American. |
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Availability Heuristic |
make decisions based on info that is more readily available in your mind (ie more vivid, more personal, just heard) Ex: Hear about plane crashes in the news. Decide to drive to next vacation spot, not realizing that in reality driving is far more dangerous. |
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Counterfactual Thinking |
thinking of alternative scenarios to events that have already occurred Ex: Get a B+ on a test. See that you had changed a question from the correct answer to the wrong answer. Think that if only you hadn't changed that question you could have gotten an A. |
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Forming Impressions (3 Aspects) |
happens very quickly, schemas play a role Primacy effect- neg info first= neg impression vice versa Belief Perserverance- once you develop a belief it is difficult to change it regardless of info Confirmation Bias- look only for info that confirms your first impression |
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy |
Expectation-- unconscious behavior-- affects behavior in others-- confirms expectation Ex: You meet a boy and you expect him to like you (expectation). You flirt more outwardly with him (behavior). He in turn flirts back (affected behavior). You think he likes you (confirmation) |
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Negativity Bias |
a negative impression is harder to change than a positive one |
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3 main aspects of Social Perception |
1. Efficiency-- automatic processing (fundamental attribution) 2. Selectivity-- we focus on info that confirm our beliefs (confirmation bias) 3. Consistency-- once a judgment is made, we stand by it (belief perseverance and primacy effect) |
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3 components of Attitudes |
Affective- feelings about something Behavior- actions Cognitive- beliefs |
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4 ways in which attitudes form |
1. Socialization- observing others 2. Learning- classical and operant conditioning 3. Genetics- some variations in attitudes correlate with variations in genetic makeup 4. Mere-Exposure Effect - we like things the more we are around them |
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What 4 components does accuracy of predicting how attitudes affect behavior depend on? |
1. Situation- strength of norms 2. Who is being asked- high (conforms) vs low self monitor (doesn't conform) 3. Type of behavior- gen vs specific 4. Type of attitude- gen vs specific |
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Attitudes affect behavior when... |
1. Attitudes are specific to the behavior 2. social influences are minimal 3. attitudes are potent |
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How do attitudes influence behavior? (Automatic behaviors) |
automatic responses are directly influenced by attitudes. Ex: If you hate mice and see a mouse run across the floor you scream and yell before realizing that you are scared. |
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How do attitudes influence behavior? (Planned behaviors) |
Theory of Planned Behavior: Attitude-- behavioral intentions-- behavior
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What are the three components of "Behavioral Intentions"? |
-part of the Theory of Planned Behavior 1. Attitudes (emotion, consequences) 2. Subjective Norms (other's approval) 3. Subjective Perceived Control (appraised ability to perform the behavior) |
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Self-Perception Theory |
I am what I do. Looking at our own behavior to infer our attitudes |
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Cognitive Dissonance |
when attitudes and behaviors or two attitudes are not consistent we experience measurable negative arousal Solve: by changing attitude |
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Insufficient Justification + Experiment |
we justify our behavior internally when there is not a sufficient external justification Ex: $1 and $20 lie experiment. Those given $1 to lie ended up believing that the task was more enjoyable than it was because by doing so they lessened their discomfort. Those given $20 maintained that the task was boring because they did not experience any cognitive dissonance |
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3 ways to reduce Cognitive Dissonance |
1. Change either the attitude or the behavior 2. Acquire new information (consonant cognition) 3. Minimize the importance of the behavior or attitude (direct vs indirect means) |
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Indirect means to reduce Cognitive Dissonance |
get rid of the negative feeling Self- Affirmation-- restore positive self evaluations by focusing on positive attributes the inconsistency is still present, but the negative feeling is removed Ex: I am a good student even though I cheat on my partner. |
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Cognitive Dissonance produced by decisions |
when two attitudes don't align Post-Decisional Self-Justification Effects-- exaggerate positives of chosen option and exaggerate negatives of other option |
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Self-Presentation Theory/ Impression Management Theory |
what matters is not that motive is consistent, only that it appears to be consistent there is no negative feeling and no actual change. just the outward illusion of a change |
