Social Inequality

Front 1

Social Differentiation

Back 1

Peoplewith distinct qualities and social roles. No ranking or hierarchy involved

Front 2

Social Inequality

Back 2

Conditionwhereby people have unequal access to valued resources and positions in thesociety

Front 3

Social Stratification

Back 3

Socialinequality is institutionalized, creating a system of social relationships thatdetermines who gets what

Front 4

Ascription

Back 4

When class or strata placement is hereditary

Front 5

Achievement

Back 5

Whenplacement is due to qualities controlled by individuals what

Front 6

Class

Back 6

Groupof individuals with similar positions, political and economic interests

Front 7

Classes are based on these 3 structures:

Back 7

Occupational, Authority, and Property structures

Front 8

Vertical Social Mobility

Back 8

changes in the position of an individual or a group along the social hierarchy

Front 9

Horizontal Social Mobility

Back 9

change of occupational position or role of an individual or a group without involving any change in its position in the social hierarchy

Front 10

5 basic characteristics of human stratification systems

Back 10

1. Normatively closed vs open divisions (social mobility?)

2. Actual method of class placement (ascription or achievement)

3. The major method of legitimation (tradition, legal, religious, etc)

4. Predominant form of inequality (honor, economic, military/political)

Front 11

Functional Theory

Back 11

• Society is held together by a general consensus over the major values and norms

• Society is viewed as a balanced complex system of parts that interacts to perform various necessary functions

• Social stratification are “functional”, and thus “beneficial” to society in terms of its smooth and effective operation

• Stratification and inequality are sources of social order

Front 12

Conflict Theory

Back 12

• Society is held together in the face of conflicting interests

• Views society as a struggle for wealth, power, and prestige

• Social order is maintained by authority

• Conflict theorists focus on processes within societies

• The unequal distribution of power in society is the primary source of conflict

• Stratification serves the interests of groups of people at the top

Front 13

Two opposing principles of health distribution:

Back 13

1. Pricing mechanism: Those who can afford it get it

2. Principle of need: those in greatest need get it first

Front 14

Foundation of Marxian Theory

Back 14

• “The nature of individuals thus depends on the material conditions determining their production”

Front 15

Substructure

Back 15

material, economic, and social relations

Front 16

Superstructure

Back 16

law, beliefs, religion, morals, art, philosophy, and science

Front 17

Mode of Production

Back 17

specific organization of economic production in a given society

Front 18

Means of Production

Back 18

the type of technology used to produce goods

Front 19

Relations of Production

Back 19

The human relationships within the means of production

Front 20

bourgeoisie (Marxian view of class)

Back 20

capitalists, owners of the means of production or capital

Front 21

Proletariat (Marxian view of class)

Back 21

workersthat sell their labor to the bourgeoisie

Front 22

Weber: An Alternative Conflict Paradigm

Back 22

• He viewed conflict not only between capatalists and workers. Many differing groups could form the basis of conflict (social, etc)

Front 23

Weber: Multidimensional View of Stratification

Back 23

people’s relationship to the marketplace, Class, status and party (or power) and bureaucratic institutions

Front 24

Social Class

Back 24

based on economically determined relationship in various markets (owner, employee, creditor, renter etc)

Front 25

Status Class

Back 25

based on noneconomic qualities such as honor, prestige, religion, ethnicity, race, etc

Front 26

Party Class

Back 26

affiliations in the political domain. Their action is oriented toward acquisition of social “power”

Front 27

Legal authority (Rational ground)

Back 27

belief in the legality of enacted rules and the right of those elevated to authority under such rules to issue commands

Front 28

Traditional authority (traditional ground)

Back 28

sanctity of immemorial traditions and those exercising authority under them

Front 29

Charismatic authority (charismatic ground)

Back 29

devotion to heroism, or exemplary character of an individual person, and to the normative patterns or order reveled or ordained by him

Front 30

Mechanical solidarity

Back 30

The way of moral order in pre-industrial societies

Front 31

Organic solidarity

Back 31

Modern society (industrial societies) which develops out of the difference in the economic and social structure

Front 32

The Davis and Moore Theory

Back 32

1. Certain positions are functionally more important than others and require special skills to fill them2. A limited number of people have the talents that can be trained to these positions3. The conversion of talents into skills involves training and sacrifices4. To induce people to make these sacrifices, the positions must offer privileged treatment and rewards5. Motivation is often based on rewards a) sustenance and comfort b) humor and diversion and c) self-respect and ego expansion6. This differential access to rewards also have a differentiation of prestige and esteem7. Thus, social stratification is both positively functional and inevitable in any society

Front 33

Parson's Functional Theory of Stratification

Back 33

1. A person’s place in the status hierarchy is determined by the moral evaluation of others.2. This moral evaluation is made in terms of a common value system.3. The common value system is shaped by the institution (context) that is given primarystress in the society.4. Thus, people who best live up to these values will receive, in addition to high status, ahigh income and wealth.

Front 34

Erik Wright four-class Modern Marxian Conflict Theory

Back 34

1) Capitalist (Owners of means of production)2) Managers (control the labor of others for capitalists)3) Workers (sell their labor to capitalists)4) Petty bourgeoisie (owners of small shops or stores).

Front 35

Dahrendorf’s Conflict Theory (power)

Back 35

There are two types of group interests: Organized (manifest) and unorganized (latent)•The potential for these latent group interest to become manifest is always present.

Front 36

Characteristics of the Corporate Class

Back 36

1. People holding key positions in major corporations.2. Forming an interpersonal network of relations at the top of large corporations.3. Influence is not found in personal wealth but in control of corporate resources.4. Members sit on boards of directors of large corporations.5. Many have moved in and out of halls of government.6. Personal interests lie with the structure of corporate concentration as a whole.7. Unlike the upper-class, their ranks are permeable.

Front 37

Corporate capitalism

Back 37

Freedom for corporations to run the economy with little government regulations, weakunions, and low labor costs. (US, Canada, United Kingdom)

Front 38

Cooperative Capitalism

Back 38

Corporate elites and working class, in alliance with government have a power-sharingagreement.•Strong labor unions and labor laws.(Most European Union countries)

Front 39

State capitalism

Back 39

The state has an independent political power and control over the economy.( Japan andother developing countries in East and South Asia)