Social And Cultural

Front 1

who's popular balance theory in social psychology-cognitive dissonance?

Back 1

Festinger

Front 2

Who challenged ethnocentric view of western psychotherapists?

Back 2

Torrey

Front 3

Which two theorist said that regardless of culture humans hvae an instinct to fight?

Back 3

Freud and Lorenz

Front 4

Who wrote Season's of a Mans life and also postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40-45

Back 4

Daniel Levinson

Front 5

Who emphasized an understanding of the black experience?

Back 5

Harper

Front 6

Who outlined a framework for looking at the values of any culture and comparing those values with mainstreamed culture?

Back 6

Stewart

Front 7

Who is concerned with broad application of White assertivetiveness training to black people, and the black experience ?

Back 7

Cheek

Front 8

Who described the history of the difficulties attracting Navajo people into the health care professions?

Back 8

Bequvaius and Draguns

Front 9

Who developed and researched a triadic model for cross-cultural counselor training?

Back 9

Pedersen

Front 10

Who conducted research on the impact of culture on counseling first to research and publish on the concept of worldviews?

Back 10

Sue

Front 11

who contributed to understanding white racial identity?

Back 11

Helms

Front 12

Who developed and described the Ivey Taxonomy of the effective individual and how helpers can use the model in a culturally sensitive way to help increase cultural competence?

Back 12

Ivey

Front 13

Who is the father of guidance and counseling first to focus on socio-cultural issues?

Back 13

Frank Parsons

Front 14

Who influnced school of counseling efforts developments in assessment and testing mental health and child study movements?

Back 14

Jesse B. Davis

Front 15

what are the 3 personal dimensions that impact the counseling relationship?

Back 15

Self Identity, values, stereotyping

Front 16

____________ are standards used by people and groups in determining behavior

Back 16

Values

Front 17

There is a need to be aware of ______ values as well as values of various cultural groups

Back 17

Mainstream

Front 18

_________ are false or biased generalizations

Back 18

stereotyping

Front 19

Stereotyping is influnced more by ___________ ________ roles than by ethinicity, race or gender/

Back 19

Socioeconomic status

Front 20

The role of ________ in counseling is to provide the counselor with a framework to better understand the systems of relationships involved in multicultural counseling

Back 20

Culture

Front 21

______ counseling recognizes culture signified differences in ethnicity, and also age, lifestyle preferences, values, gender roles, religious/spiritual beliefs, socioeconomic stauts and so on

Back 21

Multicultural

Front 22

In ____________ culture the minority group person will be affected by special concerns of his or her distinctive group situation as well as issues that are present in the dominant culture

Back 22

Mainstream

Front 23

in ____________ __________ the dominant culture benefits from interaction and coexistance with cultures of additional groups

Back 23

Cultural Pluralism

Front 24

_____ refers to position held or the function served by a person at some given time

Back 24

Status

Front 25

______ ________ are affected by social status

Back 25

Social Roles

Front 26

____________ refers to when a person is expected to act in a certain way because he or she holds a certain role

Back 26

Expectancy

Front 27

______ _______ is when a person holds multiple roles that call for incompatible behaviors

Back 27

Role Conflicts

Front 28

________ ________ is when one role may call for more than one possible behavior, and these behaviors may conflict

Back 28

Intra-role conflict

Front 29

___________ is when a person acts according to the expectations of a group

Back 29

Conformity

Front 30

_____________ is when a person is not influnced one way or other by social expectations

Back 30

Nonconformity

Front 31

_________ is when a person is not influenced one way or other by social expectations

Back 31

independence

Front 32

_______ includes overgeneralizations that suggest all members of a group can be expected to behave in identical ways

Back 32

Stereotypes

Front 33

__________ means a role has led to a positive reinforcement or a positive event

Back 33

payoff

Front 34

_____ means a role that has lead to a negative result

Back 34

cost

Front 35

cooperative and competitive behaviors are influenced by ________ expectations

Back 35

group

Front 36

a ______ is 2 people in a group

Back 36

Dyad

Front 37

_______ is three people in a group tend to be unstable and promote internal competition

Back 37

triad

Front 38

______ _______ is when a group is acting as a whole, risking taking becomes greater than that of a single member acting alone

Back 38

risky shift

Front 39

______ _______ assumes that heterosexuality is or should be the only acceptable sexual orientation.

Back 39

cultural heterosexism

Front 40

________ ________ manifested in widespread discrimination in employment, housing, and within religious organizations of gays, lesbians, and bisexuals.

Back 40

cultural homophobia

Front 41

_______ _________ is an ideology if assimilation into american society which allows for the possiblity for people of diverse racial and ethnic identities to retain those identies within the framework of the larger society

Back 41

Cultural Pluralism

Front 42

_____ ______ are thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are acceptable standards that a cultural group develops over time.

Back 42

Cultural standards

Front 43

_______ refers to a group of people who identify or associate with one another on the basis of some common purpose similarity of background, or need

Back 43

Culture

Front 44

____ is an anthropological term based on the word emigration

Back 44

Emic

Front 45

_____ ______ is a person's sense of belonging to an ethnic group and the part of an individual's personality that can be attributed to membership in a ethnic group

Back 45

ethnic identity

Front 46

_____ _______ is defined as groups of people identified by cultural practices sch as language, accent, customs, religion, beliefs, and styles of living.

Back 46

ethinic minority

Front 47

_______ is the national, regional, or tribal orgins of one's oldest remembered traditions and anscestors, which among the ethnic group members are assumed by their culture.

Back 47

ethinicity

Front 48

_________ is the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own group and culture coupled with a contempt for other cultures and groups

Back 48

ethnocentrism

Front 49

___ ____ is when counselors will use teh same strategies and technique on virtually any client

Back 49

etic viewpoint

Front 50

_______ ________ are feelings, thoughts, ans behaviors of superiority by an individual based on racial background in relation to others who are viewed as inferior.

Back 50

individual racism

Front 51

______ _________ favors self-definition based on gratification of an individual's personal needs and desires

Back 51

individualisitic culture

Front 52

________ includes incorportation of citizens as equal before the law; political management

Back 52

Intergration

Front 53

_________ is a fixed or overly general mental picture sometimes representing a negative judgement of a group or individual

Back 53

stereotype

Front 54

______ is a social construct

Back 54

race

Front 55

_______ is the belief that some races are iherently superior to others

Back 55

racism

Front 56

_______ racism includes thoughts behaviors, an feelings motivated by beliefs of superity assumed by a person in relation to others who are viewed as infererior

Back 56

individual racism

Front 57

________ racism includes social, educational, economic, and political forces that foster discriminatory outcomes or give preferential treatment to members of one group over other groups

Back 57

Institutional racism

Front 58

______ racism icludes beliefs, behaviors, and feelings of members of one cultural group that asserts superiority of their groups' achievements over thos of other groups.

Back 58

Cultural

Front 59

_______ is a preconcieved judgement without sufficient knowledge or grounds directed against a individual or group

Back 59

prejudice

Front 60

_______ a process of social control that perpetuates social distance; often rationalized and institutionalized

Back 60

discrimination

Front 61

________ is discrimination by members of one sex against the other

Back 61

sexism/sexual bias

Front 62

_______ refers to position held or the function served by a person at some given time

Back 62

status

Front 63

the behavioral approach includes classical or respondent conditioning the two people associated with it are ________ and ________

Back 63

Pavlov and Hull

Front 64

the theorists associated with operant conditioning is ________ he is associated with behavior modification

Back 64

skinner

Front 65

________ _________ therapy is behavioral approached coupled with thinking processes.

Back 65

Cognitive Behavior

Front 66

a____________ reinforcement schedule is most helpful when learning new behaviors, it is easier to distinguish

Back 66

continous

Front 67

a_____________ reinforcement involved present reinforcers occuring during select times, learning occurs at a much slower pace

Back 67

intermittent

Front 68

_______ is the presentation of a consequence that is viewed as aversive or the removal of a pleasant consequence

Back 68

punishment

Front 69

________ is termination of the reinforcement (ignoring a response that had recieved attention before)

Back 69

extinction

Front 70

helms noted the following
_______ is the belief that immaterial forces, especially a supreme being, have power in determining what happens in people's everyday life

Back 70

spirituality

Front 71

common concerns of all tribes are a feeling for loss of _____, a desire for self-_______, domination, a conflict of ______with mainstream culture,

Back 71

land, determination, values

Front 72

the majority of native americans have a belief in a
______ ________ who has a name, personage, and often a place of residence. It has an ominipotent spiritual rather than physical presence that controls all aspects of existence.

Back 72

supreme creator

Front 73

Humans are a composite of spirit, mind and body- the ____ is the most important because it defines the essence of the person

Back 73

spirit

Front 74

_____ is a disruption of the mind-body spirit homestasis

Back 74

illness

Front 75

_______ is equilibrium or harmony of spirit-mind body. Tradtional native americans strive for _________.

Back 75

wellness
Harmony

Front 76

disharmony or unwellness within the spirit mind body triad is caused by suppressed socially disengaging ________ that serve as catalyst for physical and mental deteration if spirtual energy is ____

Back 76

emotions
low

Front 77

________ americans come from the world's largest continent in both population and size

Back 77

Asian

Front 78

all eastern religions were founded in ______ such as confucianism, buddhism, Judaism, shintoism, taoism, and christanity.

Back 78

Asia

Front 79

________ occurs when the person is expected to function in harmony within his or her social context

Back 79

interdendence

Front 80

_______ _________ involve one's obligations and duties to the group are defined by one's social role.

Back 80

hierachical relationships

Front 81

_____ ______ is the parent child bond is more critical than virtually any other

Back 81

Filal piety

Front 82

within the next 25 years _______ will be the largest miority group in US

Back 82

Hispanics

Front 83

______ involves loaylity, strong indentification with, attachement to, and interdependence on one's blood related extended family

Back 83

famialism

Front 84

_____ is respect accordied to people because of the status due to gender, age, and family role or position

Back 84

respeto

Front 85

______ is the belief in traditional healing and health practices

Back 85

espiritismo

Front 86

_____ is a gender role in which the woman is expected to emulate the spirituality of the virgin mary and to endure all suffering inflicted upon her by the men in her life. She is also expected to be passive, dependent, and defined by her family and home.

Back 86

marianismo

Front 87

_______ is the male gender role in which the man is expected to be the primary provider of the family. the role also permits the males to be chivalrous toward women and sexually accessible to many of them.

Back 87

machismo

Front 88

_______ is the social, psychological and cultural features and charcteristics that have become strongly associated with the biological catergories of male and female.

Back 88

gender

Front 89

in men the _______ stain results from emotional restrictiveness, proneness to shame sensitivity, and learned inability to deal with emotions.

Back 89

discrepancy

Front 90

coping with ______ is a common issue faced by the elderly.

Back 90

change

Front 91

_____ are behaviors that are based on morals.

Back 91

Mores

Front 92

a ______ describes correct, normal, or habitual behavior. breaking it generally results in embarrassment.

Back 92

folkway

Front 93

_______ is a process of change that occurs when two cultures come in contact with each other. occurs when an indivudual adopts the culture traits form a new culture.

Back 93

acculturation

Front 94

______ is the dominate culture or the culture that is accpeted by the majority of citizens in a given society.

Back 94

macroculture

Front 95

______ culture includes things like books, paintings, homes, and tools. refered to as artifacts.

Back 95

Material

Front 96

______ culture includes things like customs, values, humor and traditions.

Back 96

Nonmaterial

Front 97

____ culture is the way indivuduals are supposed to behave

Back 97

Ideal

Front 98

cultural _______ is being aware and understanding of cultural factors

Back 98

awareness

Front 99

_____ _____ theory states that all cultures pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing

Back 99

Culture epoch

Front 100

______ is associated with innate aggeression theory

Back 100

Lorenz

Front 101

______ is one of the founders of modern Sociology

Back 101

Durkheim

Front 102

________ is the father of Hormic psychology. believed that individuals in and out of groups are driven by innate inherited tendencies

Back 102

McDougall

Front 103

____ wrote social pychology and introduced it to americal

Back 103

Ross

Front 104

_____ wrote obidence to authority ex: salem witch hunts

Back 104

Milgram

Front 105

in social psychology, ______ are viewed as important

Back 105

Instincts

Front 106

_______ _________ contradicts the innate/instinct aggression theory by emphasizing the environment rather than genetics or inborn tendecies.

Back 106

social learning

Front 107

Social learning is associated with the work of ________

Back 107

Bandura

Front 108

________ means the behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which it occurs.

Back 108

contextualism

Front 109

the ______/________ theory was developed by dollard/miller the hypothesis asserts that frustration occurs when an individual is blocked so that he or she cannot reach an intended goal

Back 109

frustration/aggression

Front 110

the _____ _______ theory was developed by festinger and involves inconsistant thoughts are often called dissonance. The focus is on _____ and ______ formation.

Back 110

cognitive dissonance
cognitions and attitude

Front 111

the tendency of cognitive dissonance theory is to justify behavior to create a state of ______ or harmony between attitude and behavior

Back 111

consonance

Front 112

the social comparison theory was developed by ___________ it is involves people having a need to compare themselves with others to assess their own abilities and options

Back 112

festinger

Front 113

the term ______ states that we are all part of a universal culture

Back 113

vontress

Front 114

_______ and associates were the first social reformers concerned with guidance in the US. focused heavily on sociocultural issues.

Back 114

Parsons

Front 115

_______ is that which pertains to a large group of individual who are categorized by racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural attributes

Back 115

Ethnicity

Front 116

________ developed a social distance scale which evauated how an indivdual felt toward other ethnic groups

Back 116

Bogardus

Front 117

the _____ ______ theory assumes that rewards are things or factors we like , while costs are things we dislike

Back 117

social exchange

Front 118

the ________ theory states that a relationship becomes stronger as two people's personality needs mesh

Back 118

Complementarity

Front 119

a _______ _____ applies to the emotional content of a word which is different than the true or dictionary defination

Back 119

Connative error

Front 120

a _____ view asserts that change comes from within

Back 120

autoplastic

Front 121

an _____ view is were the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the enviornment

Back 121

alloplastic

Front 122

_______ tranference occurs when the client rapidly shifts his or her emotional attitiude toward the counselor based on learning and experiences related to authority figures form the past

Back 122

ambivalent

Front 123

_____ implies that the counselor will make the best progress if he or she see the client primarly as a person who has learned a set of survivial skills rather thana displeased patient

Back 123

Personalism

Front 124

_____ means that an individual exists in more than one category

Back 124

pluralism

Front 125

______ _______ occurs when a person of a cultural hertiage retain their traditions and differences, yet cooperates in regard to social, politicaland economic matters

Back 125

cultural pluralism

Front 126

____ _____ is when the presence of other persons improves an individuals performance even when there is no verbal interaction

Back 126

social facilitation

Front 127

the ____ _____ in social psychology,means that after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.

Back 127

sleep effect

Front 128

the _____-______ conflict is when two equally attractive options are presented simultanously

Back 128

approach-approach

Front 129

the________-_______ conflict presents a positive factor with a negative factor at the same time. this si the toughest type of conflict for client to handle.

Back 129

approach-aviodance

Front 130

the ______-_______ conflict is when two negative alternatives are presented at the same time - both choices undesireable. the client often waivers when he becomes clos to making a choice. Often daydream, flee, or regress instead of conforming to the choice.

Back 130

avoidance-avoidance

Front 131

the _____ theory can be described as a tendency to move from cognitive inconsistancy to consisitency

Back 131

balance

Front 132

the _____ theory by Osgood and Tannenbaum states that a client will accept suggestions more readily if he the client likes the counselor.

Back 132

congruity

Front 133

the term_____ explains the decline in racial prejudice when whites live next door to minority persons.

Back 133

Propinquity

Front 134

Minority clients respond best to ______ therapy

Back 134

action-oriented

Front 135

a theorists whose major focus is adult development is_______

Back 135

Levinson

Front 136

______ is the main factor in defining a minority

Back 136

oppression

Front 137

in order to better serve hispanic american clients, more counselors need to be ________ and ________

Back 137

Bilingual and bicultural

Front 138

counselors who do not resolve their own ________ will undermine their own work with minority clients.

Back 138

prejudice

Front 139

the "superwoman syndrome" is an example of ________
______

Back 139

role strain

Front 140

when too many demands come from various sources of an indivduals life, _____ ____ occurs.

Back 140

role conflict

Front 141

sex role ______ is unhealthy, whereas _____ promotes better functioning

Back 141

stereotyping
androgyny

Front 142

Times of change from onem role or stage to the next are referred to as______.

Back 142

transition

Front 143

Discrimination of the eldery, _____, makes employment, housing, medical, and other services difficult to obtain.

Back 143

ageism

Front 144

_____ is detrimental to a counselor's work with gay men and lesbian women

Back 144

homophobia

Front 145

in determining, treatment situations for clients, counselors should look for the _____ _____ _____

Back 145

least restrictive environment

Front 146

Public Law 94-192 improved services for children with _____

Back 146

disabilites

Front 147

in building rapport with minority clients, counselors need to be especially aware of _______ communication.

Back 147

nonverbal

Front 148

the major _____ ____ are child, parent, and grandparent.

Back 148

Family roles

Front 149

Females actually have greater ____ abilities than males.

Back 149

verbal

Front 150

a balance between work life, family life, and leisure is know as _____ _____

Back 150

role integration

Front 151

_____ _____ dictate the customs, attitudes, and beliefs of a particular racial or ethnic group.

Back 151

culture bound values

Front 152

culture conflict is a major issue for man ____

Back 152

asians

Front 153

Sterotypes of _____ _____ include pessimism, stocism, and laziness.

Back 153

native americans

Front 154

before effective ______ can take place, counselors must accurately diagnose the problem, taking culture mores into consideration.

Back 154

intervention

Front 155

Counselors who take the ____ view believe clients should change to fit the environment, whereas the _____ view suggests changing the outside world.

Back 155

autoplastic, alloplastic

Front 156

in dealing the _____ counselors are often called on to collaborate with medical and legal personnal.

Back 156

abuse

Front 157

the traditional _____ _____ is declining as nontraditional families increase.

Back 157

nuclear family

Front 158

as one's age increases, ones _____ ____ decreases.

Back 158

Cohort Group

Front 159

in the process of ____ ____ lesbians and gays reveal their sexual orientation to themselves and/ or others.

Back 159

Coming Out

Front 160

____ is known for the life-career rainbow

Back 160

super

Front 161

____ is known for five life span eras

Back 161

levinson

Front 162

____ is know for the grieving process

Back 162

Kubler-Ross

Front 163

___ is know for development stages

Back 163

Erickson

Front 164

_____ is know for emic-etic dilemma

Back 164

Draguns

Front 165

____ is known for life review therapy

Back 165

Butler

Front 166

____ is known for the sex role inventory

Back 166

Bem

Front 167

Atikinson, Morten,and Sue are known for the _____ model

Back 167

MID

Front 168

social learning theorists believed that ________ is learned

Back 168

aggression

Front 169

_______ is the father of multicultural counseling

Back 169

levinson

Front 170

Gilligan was critical of kohlbergs theory of moral development bc she felt is was moral applicable to _____ than _____

Back 170

males
females

Front 171

______ helped to abet the intercultural counseling movement

Back 171

civil rights movement

Front 172

the frustration aggression theory is associated with _______ and _______

Back 172

dollard and miller

Front 173

a popular balance theory in soical psyhology is _________ cognitive dissonance theory.

Back 173

festinger

Front 174

________ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues

Back 174

parsons

Front 175

biological simularites and sameness are indicated by _______ _______

Back 175

universal culture

Front 176

in the 1920s Bogardus developed a ______ ______ scale which evaluated how an indivudal felt toward other ethinic groups

Back 176

social distance