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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The Sociological Imagination
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the relationship between individual experiences and forces in the larger society that shape our actions;
-Biography: the individualistic component of a problem (e.g. class, race, sex, etc) -History: the patterns of societal relationships of a particular time period -Culture: the values and beliefs upheld by a society or group within society -Empathy -Personal trouble -Public Issue |
Biography
History Culture |
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Empathy
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the ability to mentally identify with another even though you have not shared the same experiences
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Personal Trouble
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private problems of individuals and the people with whom they associate
e.g. blacks in New Orleans too busy watching MTV to evacuate |
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Public issue
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matters beyond an individual's control--caused by problems at the institutional level
e.g. blacks couldn't afford to get out or had no method of transport; stayed to protect what they own; fear of the unknown |
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Social Construction Theory
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human actions are subject to historical forces and, thus, are subject to change;
cultural products are the result of human interaction -Externalization -Objectivation -Internalization |
Externalization
Objectivation Internalization |
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Externalization
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through social interaction, people create cultural products
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Objectivation
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these products take a reality of their own, becoming independent of those who created them
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Internalization
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through socialization, people learn the supposedly "objective facts" about reality
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Race
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a group of people who perceive themselves and are perceived by others as possessing certain hereditary traits
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Perceived hereditary
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Ethnicity
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a group of people who perceive themselves and are perced by others as sharing cultural traits
-unique cultural traits -a sense of community -feeling of pride in one's culture -ascribed membership from birth -territoriality |
Perceived cultural
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Statistical Minority
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a group of people smaller in number relative to other groups
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Power Minority
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a group of people singled out for inferior treatment simply due to their membership in that group
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Oppression
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a relationship of domination and subordination in which the dominant group benefits from the systematic abuse, exploitation, and injustice directed toward a subordinate group
3 forms: -internalized: directed at oneself -interpersonal: between individuals -institutional: built into and supported by institutions; where more oppression in the US starts |
3 I's.
"Passing" |
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Patterns of Intergroup Relations
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-Pluralism
-Fusion -Assimilation -Legal Protection -Internal Colonialism/Continued Subjugation Model -Populations Transfer or Segregation -Genocide |
PFALIPG
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Pluralism
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racial and ethnic minorities are separate but have social equality
i.e. A+B+C = A+B+C |
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Fusion
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the result when a majority and a minority group combine to form a new group
i.e. A+B+C = D |
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Assimilation
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when a subordinate group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group
i.e. A+B+C = A Takes longer when the following are true: -the differences are large -dominant group is not receptive -arrival of subordinates occurs in a short period -subordinates are concentrated -arrival is recent and homeland is accessible |
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Legal Protection
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similar to pluralism, but reinforced by political/legal means
i.e. Civil rights laws |
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Internal Colonialism/Continued Subjugation Model
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Racial categories are kept separate and UNEQUAL for the benefit of the majority
i.e. slavery, migrant farm workers, sweatshops |
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Populations Transfer or Segregation
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the physical and social separation of categories of people
i.e. Native Americans to reservations (Trail of Tears) -Nazi Germany and concentration camps -Hotel Rwanda -Internment of Japanese Americans |
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Genocide
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systematic annhilation of one category of people by another
i.e. Holocaust -Bosnia -Hotel Rwanda |
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Theories of Sociology
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-The Structural Functionalist Perspective
-The Social Conflict Perspective -The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective |
3 perspectives:
SF SC SI |
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The Structural Functionalist Perspective
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society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability;
existence of social functions (consequences for a social pattern) -Manifest functions: recognized and intended consequences -Latent functions: unrecognized or unintended consequences (i.e. music from slavery, peanut butter) -Social dysfunctions: undesirable consequences (i.e. country divided by Civil War) |
Functions
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The Social Conflict Perspective
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society is a continuous power struggle among competing groups
-Power -False consciousness -Exploitation e.g. corporate boss v worker |
Power struggle
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Power
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the ability of a person to carry out her or his will despite opposition from others
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Exploitation
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the ability of the ruling class to take for itself what is produced by the workers;
not giving the worker the value of what they want |
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False consciousness
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people hold beliefs they think promote their best interest when actually they do not
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The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
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society is the product of the everyday interaction of individuals
-Labeling theory -Stereotypes -Self-fulfilling Prophecy -The Thomas Theorem -Retrospective Labeling |
Interaction
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Labeling Theory
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an attempt to explain why certain people are viewed as less worthy
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Stereotypes
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exaggerated images of the characteristics of a particular group; not generalizations
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Retrospective Labeling
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the process of re-casting one's past actions in light of new circumstances
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The Thomas Theorem
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"If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences."
Stresses the impact of situations on life, future action. |
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
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a person described as having certain characteristics begins to display those characteristics
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Social institutions
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the set of rules and relationships that govern the social activities in which we participate to meet our basic needs
i.e. -the family -education -economy -state -media |
FEEMS
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Culture
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-material culture: tools, technology, etc
-immaterial culture: -symbols -ideologies -norms -values -roles |
M
I: SINVR |
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Symbols
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anything that meaningfully represents something else
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Technology
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knowledge of how to adapt, make use of, and act upon physical environments and their material resources in order to satisfy human wants and needs
e.g. ice houses |
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Ideologies
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beliefs, values, and attitudes of a culture that underlie the status quo, or movements to change it
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Propaganda
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an organized program of publicity, selected info, etc used to propagate a doctrine, practice, etc
e.g. elections, going to war |
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Norms
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Common guidelines for behavior
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Values
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the central beliefs and purposes of a society
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Roles
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the expectations attached to a social position
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Cultural universals
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customs and practices that occur in all societies
e.g. -social institutions -appearance -activities -customary practices (gift giving, cooking) |
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Social Stratification
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a system in which categories of people are ranked in a hierarchy
e.g. wealth, race, job, education, religion, residential location, celebrities, gender, age, appearance, etc |
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Four Principles of Social Stratification
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-characteristic of society, not individuals
-it persists over generations -it is universal, but variable -it involves inequality as well as beliefs about that inequality |
SGUI
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Economy
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the social institution that creates, controls, and distributes the human and material resources of a society
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Resources
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anything that is valued in society
e.g. water, energy, food, money, shelter, clothing, education, transportation, healthcare |
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Life Chances
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the material advantages or disadvantages that a particular member of a social category can expect to receive based on his/her status
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Socioeconomic status
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5 components:
-income -wealth -power -occupational prestige -schooling |
IPOWS
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Income
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occupational wages or salaries and earnings from investments
-Employment -Underemployment -Primary labor market -Secondary labor market -Total discrimination |
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Employment
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having a job
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Underemployment
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working at a job for which one is overqualified, involuntarily working part-time, or employed only occasionally
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Primary labor market
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jobs that provide extensive benefits to workers
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Secondary labor market
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jobs that provide minimal benefits to workers
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Total discrimination
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current and past discrimination in the labor market
-past: e.g. inferior schooling, poor health care, inadequate counseling, encumbrance by need to care for relatives, poor job record -present: e.g. hiring practices, promotion practices, bias in lending & leasing |
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Segregation
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the physical separation of two or more groups in housing, workplace, and social functions
-de jure: in law -de facto: in reality |
De jure
De facto |
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Power
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the ability to achieve goals despite opposition from others
-authority |
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Authority
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power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive
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Occupational Prestige
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the social value a particular occupation receives
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Schooling
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the level of education one receives impacts all other factors of socioeconomic status
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Wealth
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total amount of money and valuable goods that a person or a family owns
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Poverty
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-relative poverty: the deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more
-absolute poverty: a deprivation of resources that is life threatening |
Two types: R & A
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Social Exchange Theory
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All human relationships formed after a cost/benefit analysis.
-Equitable relationship: costs and benefits of maintaining the relationship are equal |
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