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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is family?
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Not just those bound by traditional nuclear family, but also stepfams and unmarried couples
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Cohabitation
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More violence among people who cohabitate rather than those formally married
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Abuse
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Physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment of one family member by another
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Family violence
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Encompasses battering, marital rape, dating violence, child sexual/physical abuse, etc.
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4 Factors of Family Abuse
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1.) Occurs within ongoing relationships expected to be protecting
2.) Victim wants to escape violence but also wants to belong to a family 3.) Affection and attention may coexist with violence and abuse 4.) Ongoing family relationships create opportunity for repeat victimization |
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Sample bias
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Bias towards lower income families because higher income can go to a hotel
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Media generalizations
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-Abused grow up to be abusers: NOT supported by research
-Poor people= more susceptible |
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Macro-System Influences for Tolerance of Violence
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-Sanctity of family privacy
-Laws concerned with cultural beliefs |
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Abuse is illegal in ____ states
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50
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Exo-system influences for Tolerance of Violence
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-Family and children exposed to violence through movies and games
-Sexualization of children in the media -Violence is embedded in our culture (death penalty etc.) |
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6 Types of adult abuse and neglect
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1.) Dating and courtship
2.) Partner 3.) Same-sex partner 4.) Stalking 5.) Elder 6.) Parental |
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Dating and Courtship Violence
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1/2 to 2/3rds of survey respondants had experienced it, verbal sparring and "love taps", can be used to coerce someone into sex
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Partner Abuse
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All races experience at same rate, age 20-34 is highest, divorced/seperated is highest
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Same-sex partner abuse
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-Power, not gender, is the issue
-Just as prevelant as hetero partner abuse |
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Stalking
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-80% of all cases are after a breakup
-Rebecca Schaeffer attracted attention to it |
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Elder Abuse
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-Harm/pain inflicted on someone 60+
-Mostly neglect, then physical, then financial -Mostly white, then black, then hispanic |
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Parental Abuse
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-Abuse of nondependent parents by children
-Menendez brothers made public awareness -Patricide more often than matricide (2% of all homicides) -Males more likely to perpetrate, females if sexual abuse -Usually no criminal record |
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Definition of child abuse and neglect
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Any recent act of failure to act resulting in imminent risk of serious harm, death, sexual abuse etc.
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4 basic types of maltreatment
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1.) Physical abuse
2.) Child neglect 3.) Sexual abuse 4.) Emotional abuse |
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What kind of child abuse is 2nd most prevalent?
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Physical Abuse
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What kind of child abuse is most common?
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Neglect
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What kind of child abuse is 3rd most common?
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Sexual Abuse
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What is the least common form of child abuse?
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Emotional Abuse
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__ million cases of the major types of child abuse per year
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3
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Qualitative Research
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Looks at phenomenon in natural setting (in-depth interviews, historical materials, personal accounts)
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Quantitative Research
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Deductive model with fixed outcome/steps (surveys etc.)
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Sources of Family Violence Data (4)
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Crime against society, court data, law-enforcement data, corrections data
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Crime against society survey
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NCVS
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NCVS
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National Crime Victimization Survery. Conducted by US dept of justice. 100,000 ppl 12+ interviewed every 6 months. Provides info on types of crime, victim and offender age, sex, etc. and victim-offender relationship
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NCVS 1
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Basic screening questionnaire, 18 ?'s
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NCVS 2
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Incident report, explores crime victimization, victim/offender characteristics, etc.
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Law enforcement Data + Survey
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FBI collects and publishes crime statistics w/ UCR. Comes from official police reports, good and bad because it only has reported crime
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UCR
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Uniform Crime Report, soon to be replaced with NIBRS (National Incident Based Reporting System)
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__% of fam violence victims are women
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75%
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UCR part 1 crimes (name 2)
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murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny, automobile theft, & arson.
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UCR part 2 crimes (name 2)
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forgery, fraud, embezzlement, vandalism, weapons violations, sex offenses,
drug/alcohol abuse violations, gambling, vagrancy, curfew violations, runaways. |
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SCPS
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Court Data. State Court Processing Statistics.nformationaboutthosearrested&chargedwithfamily/non-familyassault. • Demographics:priorarrest&convictionrecords,criminaljusticestatusattimeofarrest. • Adjudication outcomes & type of sentence imposed.
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FJSP
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Federal Justice Statistics Program. Info on violations of family violence-related federal statutes that were referred to federal court.
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Survey of Inmates in State & Federal Correctional Facilities
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-Most inmates imprisoned for fam violence convicted for violent crime against women.
-Most imprisoned for non-fam violence convicted for violence against men |
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Survey of inmates in local jails
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Face-to-face interviews with incarcerated individuals.
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Classical School of Thought
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People choose to engage in crime
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Beccaria
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Classical. People have free will and are hedonistic, therefore we must have clear laws and punishment.
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Bentham
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Classical. Determined extent of punishment necessary to deter criminals.
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Rational Choice Theory
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Classical. Criminal behavior is a choice, and perpetrators weigh risks vs. benefits.
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Deterrence Theory
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Classical. Punishment must be swift and certain in order to deter crime
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Positive School of Thought
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Recognizes the causes of crime are from biological, psychological, and sociological viewpoints
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Difference between Classical and Positive?
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Positive is more scientific than legalistic
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Eugenics
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Positive. "Science of good breeding" Forced sterilization, marriage prohibition human breeding programs.
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Biological Theories (2)
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eugenics and biochemical imbalance theories
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4 sociological theories in positive standpoint
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1.) Culture of Violence Theory
2.) Social disorganization theory 3.) Strain theory 4.) Gender role Theory |
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Culture of Violence Theory
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Acceptance of violence in our society is the foundation for violence within the family
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Social Disorganization Theory
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Disorganization of community life causes a lack of social control (Poverty= lawlessness)
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Strain Theory
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Struggle between desires and ability to fulfill them. Futility to fulfill desires may lead to crime
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Gender Role Theory
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blames traditional socialization of children into gender roles
-Women as passive and sexually desirable -Men as aggressors who dominate women |
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Psychological Theories (2)
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Social Learning Theory and Social Control Theory
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Social Learning Theory
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People are not born violent, violence is learned.
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Behavior Modeling Theory
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Aggressive children have parents who are aggressive when dealing with others
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Intergenerational Transmission Theory
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Abusive behavior is handed down from generation to generation as an appropriate way to deal w/ conflict
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Social Control Theory
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Crime and delinquency are likely to occur unless people conform to social demands
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Attachment history (and 4 types)
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Caregiver-child relationship effects relationship later in life.
1.) Secure attachment 2.) Resistant 3.) Avoidant 4.) Disorganized |
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Individual Pathology & Male Batterers
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Violence committed against a wife is for the purpose of domination. Perpetrators exhibit characteristics similar to someone suffering from a personality disorder.
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Conflict School of thought
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Law seen as means by which ruling class maintains control. Lawmakers legitimize superiority by dominating lower classes. Those in power determine how laws are made/enforced.
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2 Conflict Theories
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Patriarchal Theory and Gender Inequality Theory
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Patriarchal Theory
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Questions the way women have been viewed in society & lack of legal options for those victimized
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Gender inequality Theory
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Goes w/ chivalry hypothesis: women are more likely to be protected by crimanal justice system and recieve more lenient treatment then men who do the same crimes.
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What are the typical ages of children who are abuse victims?
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Children under 1 year have highest rates
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Are girls or boys more likely to be abused?
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Victimized about equally
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Type of abuse most common to boys?
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Physical and emotional
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Type of abuse most common to girls?
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Sexual
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What ethnicity is most victimized?
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1/2 of all victims are white. 1/4 African American. 18.4% Hispanic
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What ethnicity is least victimized?
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Asian
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Infanticide Policy in Anceint Times?
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Legal for "practical reasons" such as physical deformity, questionable health, etc.
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Policy on child abuse in early colonial America?
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Parents held responsible for childrens behavior, free to punish as long as they didn't disfigure. "Stubborn Child Law"= can kill disobedient child
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Battered Child Syndrome
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1962, Kempe. Repeated mistreatment or beating of a child that results in physical or psychological injuries. Increased public awareness of abuse
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How many children received investigation by CPS in 2006? How many were confirmed cases?
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3.6 million. 1/4 confirmed
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CAPTA
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Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974. Requires states to assign an agency to receive and investigate reports of alleged child abuse and neglect
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Emotional/Psycological Abuse Definition
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injury to the psychological capacity or emotional stability of the child as evidenced by an observable or substantial change in behavior, emotional response, or cognition or as evidenced by anxiety, depression, withdrawal, or aggressive behavior
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5 indicators of emotional abuse
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Garabino.
1.)Rejecting: refusing to acknowledge the child’s work & legitimacy of the child’s needs 2.) Isolating: cutting the child off from normal social experiences 3.) Terrorizing: verbally assaulting the child, creating a climate of fear 4.) Ignoring: being psychologically unavailable to the child 5.) Corrupting: missocializing the child, stimulating the child to engage in destructive and antisocial behavior |
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Neglect Definition
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deprivation of adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or supervision.
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Dani
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A severely neglected child, taken from her home at age 7. She was basically ignored for her whole life and was unable to speak, respond to others, be held, etc.
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4 Categories of neglect
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1.) Educational
2.) Emotional 3.) Medical 4.) Physical |
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Educational Neglect
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Chronic truancy, failure to enroll in school
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Emotional Neglect
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Exposure to intimate partner violence, drug use encouragement or permission, not seeking psychological help for child
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Medical Neglect
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Parents have a duty to seek medical care for child when necessary. 30 states have a religious exemption
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Educational Neglect
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Chronic truancy, failure to enroll in school
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Physical Neglect
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Failure to provide food, clothing, shelter, etc.
Abandonment |
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Emotional Neglect
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Exposure to intimate partner violence, drug use encouragement or permission, not seeking psychological help for child
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Medical Neglect
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Parents have a duty to seek medical care for child when necessary. 30 states have a religious exemption
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Physical Neglect
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Failure to provide food, clothing, shelter, etc.
Abandonment |
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Physical Abuse Definition
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Any non-accidental physical injury to child. Includes striking, biting, burning, kicking, throwing, etc.
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_____ children died of abuse or neglect in 2006
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1,530
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Sexual Abuse Definition
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Employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child to engage in, or assist any other person in any sexually explicit conduct or simulation of conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of such conduct.
– The rape, and in cases of caretaker or interfamilial relationships, statutory rape, molestation, prostitution, or other form of sexual exploitation of children, or incest with children. |
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Beth Thomas
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"Child of Rage" who suffered reactive attachment disorder after being sexually abused as a child
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1. According to the Riverside County Department of Public Services, what is the time frame for investigation after an incident report has been filed?
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24 hours - 10 days
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4 Riverside County Responses
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1.) No evidence, case closed
2.) No evidence, referred to parenting classes etc. 3.) Evidence: resolved w. family maintenance services 4.) Evidence, child removed from home |
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Shaken Baby Syndrome
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Medical Term used to describe violent shaking of baby causing brain to slam against skull. Causes brain damage, retinal hemorrage, blindness, seizures, paralysis, death
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Burns on purpose vs. accidental
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Oval burn on buttocks or genitals, glove or stocking burn (symmetrical), donut-shaped burn around buttocks, no burns on bottom of feet
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Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy
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Caregiver fabricates illness and genuinely believes child is sick. Involves both physical abuse and mental neglect
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Feticide
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Killing of fetus
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Fratricide
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Killing of brother or sister
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Filicide
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Killing of child by parents
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What are the 7 forms of sexual assault on children?
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Molestation, Rape, Voyeurism, Exhibitionism, Pornography, Forced prostitution, Incest
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Incest?
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Sexual activity between persons who are so closely related that their marriage is illegal.
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Behavioral Indicators of Sexual Abuse?
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1.Complaining that his or her genitals hurt or were touched
2.Acting out sexually 3.Inappropriate sexual knowledge for environment and age 4.Fearful or unwilling to explain the cause of any injury 5.Regression |
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___ of girls & ____ of boys will be sexually abused during childhood
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1/5 girls, 1/10 boys
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5 typologies of sexual abuse?
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1. Secrecy: Rewards/incentives, shame/guilt, fear of cost of breaking silence
2. Helplessness:anxiety & insecurity; won’t cry out 3. entrapment and accommodation: feels responsible; blackmail; promise to not hurt siblings 4. Delayed, conflicted and unconvincing disclosure: kept secret in family; event triggers disclosure 5. Retraction: victims of incest may later deny abuse |
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What age group is most likely to be victims of sexual abuse?
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Ages 12-15
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Child competency
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means that a person is fit to stand trial and to take the oath. Knows the difference between truth and lie, fact and fantasy. Memory cannot be influenced by others.
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Child credibility
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refers to whether or not the child witness can be believed. Difficulty remembering and recounting events.
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Menendez Brothers
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Killed their parents for their money
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Who is more likely to suffer elder abuse?
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White, over 60
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Family systems theory
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Interconnectedness of entire family is the focus
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Ineffective parenting theory
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Poor monitoring etc can cause problems for child, overwhelmed parents
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6 patterns of adolescent perpetrators
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Animal cruelty, juvenile child care offenders, firesetting, murder, runaway, sexual offending
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In the us, juveniles were involved.in what percent of murders in2002
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8
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Older children account for as many as what percent of offenses in childcare context
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40
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How many runaways per year
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1.6-2.8 million
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What fraction of 10-18 yeae olds will run away
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1/7
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How many runaways per year
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1.6-2.8 million
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Types of adolescent violence
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Sibling, teen dating, parent, pedophilia, child pornography
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What fraction of 10-18 yeae olds will run away
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1/7
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what fraction of teens involved in abusive relationships?
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1/3
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Types of adolescent violence
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Sibling, teen dating, parent, pedophilia, child pornography
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Teen. Dating violence risks later to girls
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Alcohol, tobacco and drug use, drunk driving, unhealthy weight behavior, risky sexual behavior
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what fraction of teens involved in abusive relationships?
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1/3
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Teen. Dating violence risks later to girls
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Alcohol, tobacco and drug use, drunk driving, unhealthy weight behavior, risky sexual behavior
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Juvenile victim porn
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Identifiable.victim of child abuse
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Child exploitation porn
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Child is sexually depicted but no other offense
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