Slide 2

Front 1

Matter

Back 1

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space

Front 2

Atoms

Back 2

the smallest units of an element that retain the element’s physical and chemical properties. These bond together to form molecules

Front 3

Elements

Back 3

the basic building blocks of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means.

Types of Atoms

Front 4

What is something that is all around us that ISN’T matter?

Back 4

Light

Front 5

Subatomic particles of atoms

Back 5

Protons and neutrons make up nucleus.

~N: no mass

~P: mass one

~E: no mass

Front 6

Elements

Back 6

Define Atom by number of protons

Atomic symbol~Abbreviation for the element Atomic mass~Number of neutrons + number of protons

Atomic number~Number of protons

Front 7

SPONCH

Back 7

Common elements that make up bulk of our bodies.

Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen

Front 8

Isotopes

Back 8

atoms that have the same atomic number but a different atomic mass because the number of neutrons differ. Ex: H, He, Be

Front 9

Radioactive isotopes

Back 9

-break down over time releasing energy

-are useful in dating old objects, imaging body organs and tissues through x-rays and killing cancer cells

-Ex: Thyroid

Front 10

What are the three most common isotopes of Carbon? How many protons and neutrons in each isotope?

Back 10

carbon-12 (6), carbon-13 (7), and carbon-14 (8).

Front 11

Electrons

Back 11

Determine the chemical properties of an atom because atoms interact through electrons.

Electrons arrange themselves into shells

Electrons in the outermost shell are most loosely held to the nucleus

Front 12

Shell

Back 12

volume of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found

Front 13

Molecules

Back 13

-Are made of atoms that are bonded together

-Can be made of the same atom or different atoms

Front 14

Satisfying the octet rule

Back 14

~8 electrons in outer shell~

1. Atoms can gain electrons from other atoms

2. Atoms can lose electrons to other atoms

3. Atoms can share electron pairs with other atoms

Front 15

Ionic bonds:

Back 15

~Exciting but unstable relationship

~Atoms in this type of bond donate or take on electrons, forming ions

-Results in a stable outer shell

~Bond is the result of the attraction between oppositely charged ions

Front 16

Ions

Back 16

A charged atom or molecule. It is charged because the number of electrons do not equal the number of protons in the atom or molecule.

Front 17

Covalent Bond

Back 17

-Atoms share electrons-Very Strong Bond

Front 18

Non-Polar Bond

Back 18

When electrons are shared equally

Front 19

Polar Bond

Back 19

If electrons are not shared equally.

Ex: H2O

Front 20

What makes water a polar molecule?

Back 20

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen which means that in the formation of water the electrons from the two hydrogen atoms will be more attracted and move closer to oxygen. This means the electrons are unequally shared between the two hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms. Since the electrons aren’t equally shared the charge isn’t evenly distributed. Oxygen is slightly negative, and the two hydrogen molecules are slightly positive which is why water is a polar molecule.

Front 21

What are the seven things that make H2O unique?

Back 21

~Water is polar

-Electrons are not shared equally between the atoms of a water molecule

~Water is liquid at room temperature

-Due to massive amount of hydrogen bonding between water molecules

~Temperature of liquid water rises and falls slowly

-Twice as much energy as is needed to do the same to other covalently bonded liquids Therefore water protects organisms from rapid changes in temperature

~Water has a high heat of vaporization

-Takes a large amount of heat to change water to steam, Keeps water in liquid form

~Frozen water is less dense than liquid water

-Most substances contract when they freezeWater expands

~Water is cohesive

-Due to hydrogen bonding, water molecules stick to each other

~Water is a solvent for polar molecules

-Due to its polarity, many molecules dissociate (come apart) when in water

-Ions and molecules that interact with water = hydrophilic

-Nonionized and nonpolar molecules do not interact with water = hydrophobic

Front 22

Hydrogen Bonds

Back 22

-Hydrogen bonds occur between a hydrogen in a covalent bond and
a negatively charged atom

-These are relatively weak bonds

-Keep molecules close together

Front 23

Acids

Back 23

Acids are substances that dissociate and release hydrogen atoms

Front 24

Bases

Back 24

-substances that take up hydrogen atoms or release hydroxyl ions.

-Alkaline

Front 25

What is the Ph scale?

Back 25

-A measure of hydrogen ion concentration Working scale is between 0 and 14 with 7 being neutral

-A pH below 7 is acidic and above 7 is basic (Alkaline)

-Logarithmic scale so change in one unit of pH is a change by a factor of 10

Front 26

What organic molecules (4 macromolecules) are found in living organisms?

Back 26

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids

Front 27

Monomer

Back 27

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer (subunits).

Front 28

Carbs

Back 28

~Monomer-monosaccharides

-2 monosaccharides linked = disaccharide

-these link together to form a polysaccharide

~Function as short and long-term energy storage

Front 29

Monosaccharide

Back 29

-Simple carb

-1 carbon ring as found in glucose

Front 30

Disaccharide

Back 30

2 carbon rings as
found in maltose

Front 31

Complex carbs

Back 31

~Polysaccharides-made of many carbon rings

~Glycogen is the storage form in animals

~Starch is the storage form in plants

Front 32

lipids

Back 32

~Hydrophobic molecules found as:

1. fats/oils used for energy

2. Steroids-communicators

3. Sterols-Many functions

4. Phospholipids-make up cell membrane

Front 33

Do lipids dissolve in water?

Back 33

No

Front 34

How are fats and oils different?

Back 34

Fats

-Usually animal origin

-Solid at room temperature

-Saturated

Oils

-Usually plant origin

-Liquid at room temperature

-Unsaturated

Front 35

Phospholipids

Back 35

~Similar to triglyceride

-Phosphate groups replaces one fatty acid chain

-Phosphate groups are polar

~Primary component of cell membranes

~A glycerol

Front 36

Triglyceride

Back 36

A glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid tails is a

Front 37

Explain the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats

Back 37

2. Saturated fats:

• No double bonds between molecules, only single bonds between carbon molecules

• Saturated with Hydrogen; no bends in the chain structure

• solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fats:

• Double bonds between Carbon

• Double bonds cause bends in the chain structure

• Liquid at room temperature

Front 38

Steroids

Back 38

-A lipid

-Structure contains four fused carbon rings

-Examples are cholesterol and sex hormones

-soluble in water

Front 39

proteins

Back 39

-Made of subunits called amino acids

-Important for diverse functions in the body including hormones, enzymes and transport

-Shape of protein is integral to function-Change of shape = denature

Polymer-polypeptide

Front 40

What are the four levels of protein organization?

Back 40

All proteins have primary, secondary and tertiary structure, while only a few have quaternary structure

1. Primary – the linear order of amino acids

2. Secondary – localized folding into pleated sheets and helices

3. Tertiary – the 3-D shape of the entire protein in space

4. Quaternary – combination of more than one polypeptide

Front 41

nucleic acids

Back 41

~Made of nucleotide subunits

~Function in the cell

-information storage

- to make proteins

~Polymer-nucleic acid

-ex: Includes RNA and DNA

Front 42

What are the five bases found in nucleotides?

Back 42

-Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are double-ringed purines

-Cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U) are single-ringed pyrimidines

Front 43

What are the structural differences of DNA and RNA

Back 43

DNA

-Sugar is deoxyribose

-Bases include A, T, C and G

-Double stranded

RNA

-Sugar is ribose

-Bases include A, U, C and G

-Single stranded

Front 44

ATP

Back 44

Adenosine Triphosphate-currency of the cell

-Cell’s common currency for energy

-Energy is stored in phosphate bonds

-Easy to break a phosphate bond to release the energy

Front 45

Phosphate groups have what charge?

Back 45

Negative

Front 46

What are the differences in structure between plant cells and animal cells?

Back 46

Animal cells lack three structures that plant cells contain which include cell walls, chloroplasts, and vacuoles.

Front 47

A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.

Back 47

elements

Front 48

Different atomic forms of the same element.

Back 48

Isotopes

Front 49

The extraordinary properties of water are due to the high level of

Back 49

hydrogen bonding

Front 50

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a substance.

Back 50

acid

Front 51

hydrolysis

Back 51

Polymers are disassembled into monomers through what type of reaction?

Front 52

Lipids are hydrophobic

Back 52

True