Short Answer

Front 1

Neolithic Revolution

Back 1

Neolithic = new stone age

1. Homo sapien sapien

2. 10,000-6,000 BCE

3. Agriculture

4. Domestication of animals

5. Pottery

6. Early village life

7. Change from hunter gatherer way of life to him more settled, agrarian based one

Front 2

The Fertile Crescent

Back 2

1. Modern day Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Egypt, Iran, Turkey

2. Warm, wet climate

3. Abundant natural food supply

4. Most fertile land between Tigris and Euphrates river- Mesopotamia

5. Earliest perminant human settlements 8500 - 7000 BCE

Front 3

Cuneiform

Back 3

1. Reed stylus created wedge like impressions on clay tablets

2. 4th millennium BCE Sumer

Front 4

Hammurabi

Back 4

1. Ascended throne 1792 BCE

2. Used diplomacy

3. Religious imperialism - Marduk religion

4. Consolidated Babylonian Kingdom

5. Empire from Persian Gulf to Assyria

6. Took over Sumero - Akkadian Empire

7. Produced 1st written collection of laws

Front 5

Imhotep

Back 5

1. Architect

2. 2600 BCE

3. Administrative of official for pharaoh, Djoser

4. Designed "step Pyramid " Ziggurat

5. Pyramid - symbolic of Pharaohs transcendent power

Front 6

Hatshepsut

Back 6

1. 1479 BCE

2. Regent for Pharaoh Thutmose III

3. Trade increased

4. Arts flourished

5. Several successful military campaigns

6. Died 1458 BCE

Front 7

King David

Back 7

1. Responsible for Hebrew Bible/Old Testament

2. ~1000 BCE

3. Triumphed over the "evil Philistines"

4. United Judah & Israel, and expanded Hebrew Kingdom

5. Built capital at Jerusalem, moved Ark of the covenant there

Front 8

Assurbanipal

Back 8

1. Reigned 669 - 627 BE

2. "Enlightened" Assyrian king

3. Library at Nineveh

4. Sought internal reform

5. Governed Empire without use of brutal military force

6. Empire at its height when he died

Front 9

Minoan Civilization

Back 9

1. 1900 - 1500 BCE

2. Thalasocracy - "Sea Empire"

3. Named after king Minos of Crete

4. Created pottery, metal work, and textiles

5. Built great fortified palaces (Knossos)

6. Modern Greek writing adapted from Minoan script, linear B

Front 10

Cyrus the Great

Back 10

1. Conquers Chaldeans 539 BCE

2. Tolerant regime

3. "The Liberator"

4. Zoroastrianism (religion)

5. Darius I continued Cyrus' tolerant policy

Front 11

Hoplite

Back 11

1. Greek soldiers

2. Phalanx formation - Tight shoulder-to-shoulder bunch formation, Hoplite covers you & 1/2 the man next to you

3. Rammed into enemies

4. Not very mobile

5. Fight Spring and summer

6. Weapons - long spear, short/ing sword, huge shield (hoplon)

Front 12

Helots

Back 12

1. Slaves of Sparta's state

2. Messenians

3. Property and marriage rights

4. Out numbered Spartans

5. Krypteia kept them under control - like a secret police who terrorized helots

Front 13

Solon

Back 13

1. Archon 594 BCE

2. Tries to reform Athens

3. Forbade debt slavery and freed slaves

4. Encouraged cultivation of olives and grapes - only thing that actually got passed by gov't

5. Allowed wider range of citizens to participate in Govt.

6. Failed

Front 14

Ostracism

Back 14

1. Submit names of bad leaders, and the people with the most votes were exiled - corruptible system2. Started by Cleisthenes

2. Started by Cleisthenes

Front 15

Battle of Marathon

Back 15

1. 490 BCE

2. Pheidippides delivers message to Sparta

3. Athenian military led by Miltiades

4. Greeks defeat Persians

5. Hoplite armor and Greek phalanx superior to Persians

Front 16

Leonidas

Back 16

1. Leader of Spartan army

2. Lead 300 Spartans against Xerxes at the Battle of Thermopylae

3. Killed 20,000 Persians, probably closer to 10,000

4. Persians eventually win, and Athens is burned

Front 17

Delian league

Back 17

1. 150 poleis who pledged to continue war against Persia

2. Led by Athens

3. Athens controlled funds and resources

Front 18

Pericles

Back 18

1. Strategos (general) 462 BCE

2. Anti-Sparta

3. Gave citizens right to propose legislature

4. Paid people to participate in assembly

5. Ambitious public building projects

Front 19

Peloponnesian War

Back 19

Three flashpoints responsible for the war

1. Epidamus (colony of Corcyra) conflict makes Corinth and Athens enemies

2. Potidaea (colony of Corinth - ally of Athens) escalates Corithian & Athenian conflict

3. Megara- Defects from Peloponnesian league. Sparta a enters Corithian/Athenian conflict

More

- Athens = Sea/navy

- Sparta = land/army

- Pericles puts pop of Attica inside Athenian walls

- Scarlet fever kills 1/3 Athenian pop

Front 20

Peloponnesian war 2

Back 20

1. 407 BCE - Spartan naval fleet led by Lysander (Persians give them a navy)

2. 406 BCE - Spartans destroy Athenian fleet at Notium

3. 405 BCE - Athens can no longer feed or defend itself, Athen's loses the war but the city itself is spared

Front 21

Philip of Macedon

Back 21

1. Comes to power in 359 BCE

2. Macedon = Kingdom of northern Greece

3. Stabilizes northern borders

4. Creates professional army

6. Seeks help of Athenian's for invasion of Persia, they say no, goes to war with Athens

7. 338 BCE - Macedon wins battle of Chaeronea

8. Establishes "league of Corinth" to provide forces to invade Persia

9. Dies in 336 BCE, never invades Persia, murdered by former lover

Front 22

Alexander the Great

Back 22

1. Philip's son

2. Socrates was his private tutor

3. Ruled 336 - 323 BCE

4. Spread Greek culture throughout Middle East , North Africa, Europe

5. 334 BCE invaded Persian Empire

6. 331 BCE - destroyed Persian army at Battle of Gaugamela

7. Conquered Bactria (AFG)

8. Founded Greek cities during campaigns

9. Died 323 BCE - alcoholic - threw-up and choked on vomit

Front 23

Hippocrates

Back 23

1. 460 - 370 BCE

2. 4 humors theory - human moods, emotions and behaviors were caused by an excess or lack of body fluids (called "humors"): blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm.

3. Advocated bloodletting

4. Hippocratic oath

Front 24

Hemophilia of Chalcedon

Back 24

1. 335 - 280 BCE

2. 1st to practice dissection

3. 1st neuroscientist

4. Discovered significance of a pulse

5. Discovered veins contain only blood and carry blood to & from heart

Front 25

Socrates

Back 25

1. Philosopher - 469 - 399 BCE

2. Believed in absolute truth

3. Subjected all inherited assumptions to rigorous criticism

4. "Socratic method" and "Socratic irony"

5. Sentenced to death for "corrupting the youth" and "impiety"

Front 26

Plato

Back 26

1. Philosopher - 429 - 349 BCE

2. Socrates' student

3. Founded the Academy in Athens

4. Wrote series of dialogs - Phaedo, Symposium, The Republic

5. Wanted to provide a secure foundation of ethics to refute Sophists

Front 27

Aristotle

Back 27

1. Philosopher - 384 - 322 BCE

2. Believed in objective reality of material objects

3. Wanted to investigate tangible things and subject them to rational thought to define man's place in nature

4. Wrote Nicomachean ethics - aim for the golden mean

Front 28

Hannibal Barca

Back 28

1. Head of Carthage during 2nd Punic war

2. Invade Rome with elephants

3. Peace agreement w/ Rome 201 BCE

Front 29

2nd Punic War

Back 29

1. 218 BCE

2. Rome declares war on Carthage

3. Carthaginians under Hannibal invade Rome, used elephants

4. Romans under Scipio Afticanus invade Carthage

5. Romans defeat Carthage at battle of Zama 202 BCE

6. Peace agreement 201 BCE

Front 30

Annona

Back 30

1. Means = Bread

2. Annona System fed the plebs - 5th century BCE, more widely used after 3rd Punic War

3. Collapse of Annona system starts dark ages

Front 31

First Triumvirate

Back 31

1. Crasses - military background, very wealthy, put down slave result, killed by having molten gold poured down throat

2. Pompey - Military background, wealthy, receive triumph in 20s, took credit for putting down slave revolt, conquered Middle East for Rome

3. Caesar - Military background, youngest of 3, acted as arbiter between Crassus & Pompey

Front 32

Julius Caesar

Back 32

1. 49 BCE Caesar crosses Rubicon and enters Rome

2. Caesar defeats Pompey at Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BCE

3. Installs Cleopatra as puppet ruler in Egypt

4. Conquers Asia minor

5. Named dictator for life

6. Controlled revenue, could make War and Peace

7. Above the law

8. Killed on the ides of March in 44 BCE by coup led by Brutus and Cassius

Front 33

Second Triumvirate

Back 33

1. Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus

2. Defeated Brutus and Cassius' armies

3. Crushed Republican/optimate opposition

4. Competition between Octavian and Marc Antony

5. Marc Anthony goes East to Egypt, Octavian goes West to Europe

6. Octavian defeates Marc Antony at Battle of Actium 31 BCE

Front 34

Augustus

Back 34

1. Left Republican institutions intact

2. Praetorian guard

3. Coinage system

4. Marriage laws

5. Standing army

6. Reform tax law

7. Public services - police and firefighters

8. Rebuilt temples

9. Road system

10. Courier system

11. Gain substantial territory for Rome

12. Allowed provinces to self govern

13. Venerated as a God after his death in 14CE

Front 35

Caligula

Back 35

1. 12 - 41CE

2. Pandered to the Plebs

3. Began conquest of Britain

4. Attempted mortal deification

5. Insane, extravagant, cruel, sexual deviant

6. Assassinated

Front 36

Boudicca

Back 36

1. Queen of Iceni tribe

2. United British tribes against Rome

3. Killed 70000 Romans

4. Defeated by Suetonius Paulinus

5. Died 61CE

Front 37

Trajan

Back 37

1. 98 - 117CE

2. Conquered Mesopotamia

3. Extensive building projects

4. Roman reaches its territorial peak under him

5. Considered a "noble pagan" by Christians - Don't ask don't tell policy towards Christians

Front 38

Hadrian

Back 38

1. 117 - 138CE

2. Highly respected in military

3. Numerous construction projects - Hadrian's wall, wall in northern England to keep out Picts

4. Patron of art and culture

5. Made beards fashionable - wanted to look like Greek philosophers

6. Withdrew Trajan's Mesopotamia conquest

Front 39

Crisis of the 3rd century

Back 39

1. Commodus - 180 - 192CE

2. Horrible, and sit ruler

3. Assassinated by wrestling coach with no clear successor

4. Civil war

5. Debased coinage leads to mass inflation

6. Exorbitant taxes cause civil discontent

7. Plague adds to labor shortage

8. Barbarians advance on Rome

Front 40

Diocletian

Back 40

1. 284 - 305CE

2. Dominus - God like

3. Established tetrarchy - sectioned off the Empire into East/West sections controlled with an Augustus and Caesar - Pres & VP

4. Stabilized currency

5. employed soldiers as text collectors

6. "great persecution" - kills hundreds of christians

7. Willingly stepped down from office to grow cabbage

Front 41

Mithraism

Back 41

1. 1st - 4th century CE

2. Predominant religion of Roman military

3. No female members

4. Main tradition is to slay a ball, bathe in his blood, and have a banquet for the Sun God

Front 42

Jesus of Nazareth

Back 42

1. Started Christian religion

2. Was a Jew

Front 43

Monasticism

Back 43

1. Emerged in 3rd century

2. Response to worldliness of church

3. Solitary, contemplative prayer

4. Adhere to ascetic lifestyle - gave up worldly possessions

5. Cloistered cenobitic - closed off from outside community but in common community

Front 44

Saint Augustine

Back 44

1. Possibly most influential Christian

2. Bishop of hippo - North Africa

3. Proto-predestination

4. Original sin - Adam and Eve

5. God grants grace

6. Talked about the corruptive power of sex

7. Died 430 CE

Front 45

Gregory the Great

Back 45

1. Monk, then Pope

2. Encouraged almsgiving - give charity to poor

3. Gregorian chant

4. Mission to Britain

5. Died 609 CE

Front 46

Alaric

Back 46

1. 1st king of the Goths

2. Demands money, food, and position in Roman army

3. Stilicho agrees to demands and is killed

4. Rome reneges on Stilicho's promise

5. Goths sack Rome in 410CE

6. Goths and Romans sign treaty in 418 CE. Give Goths land around French Riviera

Front 47

Justinian

Back 47

1. Ruled from 527 - 565CE

2. 532CE - Nika revolt begins with a riot at the hippodrome

3. People direct anger towards Justinian

4. Wife Theodora tells him to squash riot

5. Justinian has entire audience slaughtered, 30000 - 40000 PPL

Front 48

Iconoclasm

Back 48

1. "Breaking of images"

2. State sanctioned destruction of icons

3. Starts in 730 led by Leo the Isauriun

4. Repealed by Empress Irene in 787 and again by Empress Theodora in 843

5. Strained relationships of Eastern and Western churches

6. Prior to this, Pope's notified and asked permission before consecration

7. 741 Popes stopped notifying Byzantine emperors

Front 49

Saint Benedict

Back 49

1. 480 - 547

2. Founder of Western Christian monasticism

3. Wrote the rule of Benedict

4. Performed miracles

5. Canonized in 1220