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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Would the ancient rhetors have equated "opinion" with "personality"?
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No, they see opinion as a circumstance of the various communities which one belongs to
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What is the point of exchanging rhetoric?
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To change your opponent's opinion and expose a truth
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What is the definition of ideology?
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An ideology is how one interprets and makes use of facts
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According to our text, what makes ideologies so important?
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Ideologies can be very important and influential, such as religion. They give shape to one's identity
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What is the rhetorical term that characterizes what ideologies are made of?
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Commonplaces
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What are issues?
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disagreements that arise with a commonplace
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What kind of characters do fables rely upon?
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Usually anthropomorphic animals
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What kind of content do tales rely on?
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stories from history and poetry
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What is the misconception that Americans generally have regarding the word, "rhetoric"?
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Americans have taken rhetoric to mean a method of argument that is not straightforward or honest
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What is the definition of a rhetor of ancient rome?
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Rhetoricians were well educated men who would hold discourse and arguments with one another
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For what purpose did rhetors argue?
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They aimed to change the opinion of each other
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Why did ancient rhetoricians perceive argument as inevitable?
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They viewed ideologies as a product of the various communities one belonged to, and those communities did not or need not always agree
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What is the basic definition of commonplaces?
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A commonplace is a statement generally agreed upon within a community
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What is Aristotle's definition of "invention"?
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An invention is the formulation of a way to present rhetoric in an argument
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What was the remarkable event that occurred in the ancient city of Athens?
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Men who were citizens of Athens could participate in an open forum of discussion and voting. Precursor to modern democracy
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Without defining them, what are the two kinds of proofs that the authors give?
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Extrinsic, intrinsic
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What is a proposition?
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A proposition is an arguable statement put forward for discussion by a rhetor
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What is a proof?
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Any statement or statements used to persuade an audience to accept a proposition
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Why can't rhetoric be reduced to a handy list of rules on writing or speaking?
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The circumstances of an argument are too variable for a strict set of rules. Audience, time and place, the issue at hand, and the rhetor his or herself dictate how the rhetoric is presented.
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What does the word, "kairos" mean?
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Kairos is a word used to describe a spatial, temporal, or situational window of opportunity during which an arguement will have the maximum impact
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What is the system of invention most often associated with ancient rhetoric?
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The Topics
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From the system of the topics, what did the rhetorician derive by skill to track down or devise?
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Arguments and proofs
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What is the difference between commonplaces and topics?
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A topic is any procedure that generates arguments, such as definition or compare/contrast
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What are Aristotle's: conjecture, degree, and possibility called?
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The Common Topics
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What is the specific term that makes up the elements of an ideology?
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Ideologic (made up of commonplaces)
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What did Aristotle call his three sorts of arguments?
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Logos, ethos, and pathos
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In his method of logos, the arguer begins with a statement called...
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A premise
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What is the meaning of a "statement of probability"?
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It is any kind of statement that predicts something about human behavior
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According to Aristotle, is the following true or not true? A statement is persuasive and credible either because it is directly self evident or it appears to be proved from other statements that are so
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True
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Identify Major, Minor, Conclusion:
All people are mortal Socrates is a person Therefore, socrates is mortal |
All people are mortal- Major premise
Socrates is a person- minor premise THerefore, socrates is mortal- conclusion |
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In which direction fores deduction move?
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From general to specific
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In what direction does induction move?
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From particulars to general conclusions
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Why are rhetorical examples as persuasive as they are?
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They are specific, they cause the audience to recall something they have experienced
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In ancient greek rhetoric, what does ethos specifically refer to?
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a person's character
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According to ancient Greeks, what was "character" thought to be created by?
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A person's habits and experiences
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What are two kinds of ethical proofs?
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Situated and Invented ethos
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What are the distinctions between situated and invented ethos?
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Situated ethos relies on the reputation of the rhetor as known by the audience.
Invented ethos must be constructed through the discourse. |
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In our contemporary times, how can invented ethos be demonstrated or reinforced for the audience?
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The rhetor must construct a character for themselves in the discourse. Provide examples that are true, establish good character, and secure goodwill.
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What is aristotle's third kind of intrinsic proof?
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the Pathetic proof
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What does pathos mean?
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Human emotion
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Give 3 examples of pathos that Aristotle and Cicero gave
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anger/calm, love/hate, fear/confidence
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With ancient rhetoricians treating emotions as ways of thinking, too, what did they associate them with?
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Beliefs- they did not see emotions as a personal trait but rather a product of experiences like they saw beliefs.
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In his Phaedrus, what did Plato recommend to rhetors if they wished to be persuasive to their audience?
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He said to study the audience, and choose what type of speech might appeal to them
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What word do the authors equate "stasis" with?
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Issue
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Why do the authors recommend you begin working with the stasis?
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It clarifies thinking about the argument, brings forth assumptions and values present, establishes whether research is needed, and suggests proofs
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What two kinds did ancient rhetoricians broadly divide their questions into?
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Theoretical and Practical
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What is the difference between a "thesis" question and a "hypothesis" question?
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A thesis question is general, a hypothesis question concerns a specific issue
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Why is it so important for rhetors to take the time to find all available arguments?
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Once a rhetor knows all possible arguments, he/she can be prepared to defend and support his/her own.
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What does the acronym ARCS stand for?
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Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary students
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What are the 3 premises the authors present about rhetoric?
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1. Nobody thinks or writes without reference to the culture in which he or she lives
2. human beings disagree with each other often and for good reasons 3. people compose because they want to affect the course of events |
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The occasions dictate the modes of purpose (true or false)
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true
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Did the ancient rhetoricians naturally assume that their discourse situation relied on generic formulas?
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No, each argument had to be adapted to the context
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What is more than half the textbook dedicated to?
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invention
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WHy do the authors dedicate 1/2 of the book to invention?
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It follows the importance held by ancient rhetors
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in the art of rhetoric, what does invention help rhetors find?
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Arguments and materials that would readily be available whenever they needed to compose for an occasion
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what does the word rhetor mean?
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anyone who composes discourse that is intended to affect community thinking or events
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what do the authors of the book use bold type for?
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ancient or technical terms
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