Respiratory System

Front 1

What parts make up the conduction portion?

Back 1

- nasal cavity
- nasopharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
-bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles

Front 2

What parts make up the respiratory portion?

Back 2

- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli

Front 3

What is the function of the conduction portion?

Back 3

- Warms, moistens and filters the air before it reaches the respiratory portion
- mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

Front 4

What is the function of the respiratory portion?

Back 4

respiratory membrane for gas exchange between air and blood

Front 5

What epithelium is the thin skin made of? respiratory?

Back 5

- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Front 6

Nasal Fossae

Back 6

- two cavities separated by midline septum
- three conchae (shelves, turbinates) project from lateral wall

Front 7

The three conchae that project from the lateral wall of the nasal fossae, each has a different mucosa, which one is responsible for what?

Back 7

superior- olfactory mucosa
middle and inferior-respiratory mucosa

Front 8

Countercurrent exchange

Back 8

- blood flow in the rich, arcading blood vessels is opposite to the direction of air flow for efficient warming
- makes the whole environment warmer as you go inside

Front 9

What are the 5 cell types in the respiratory epithelium?

Back 9

- ciliated columnar cells
- goblet cells
- brush cells
- basal cells
- granular cells

Front 10

Goblet cells

Back 10

- next most abundant cell type
- basal nuclei, rich rER and golgi
- apical portion filled with secretory granules containing mucous droplets

Front 11

Brush(Tuft) cells

Back 11

- pear shaped
- numerous microvilli at the apex
- afferent nerve endings ont eh basal surfaces

Front 12

Basal cells

Back 12

- small cells that do not reach the lumen
- stem cells responsible for mucosal regeneration

Front 13

Small Granular cells

Back 13

- like basal cells, but with a lot of granules
- produce hormones to release into blood stream
- belong to the diffuse neuroendocrine system DNES (APUD)

Front 14

Olfactory epithelium

Back 14

- chemoreceptors of smell
- superior conchae mucosa
- pseudostratified columnar with 3 cell types: supporting, basal, and olfactory

Front 15

Supporting cell of olfactory epithelium

Back 15

- narrow base and wide apex
- microvilli on luminal surface, submerged in a serous fluid layer

Front 16

Basal cells of olfactory epithelium

Back 16

- spherical or cone shaped
- single layer at the basement membrane
- stem cells

Front 17

Olfactory cell of the olfactory epithelium

Back 17

- bipolar neurons
- dendrites on one side possess 6-8 non-motile cilia- chemoreceptors
- efferent axons from bundles in teh lamin propria

Front 18

Bowman glands

Back 18

secrete the serous fluid medium around the cilia and microvilli of supporting and olfactory cells

Front 19

Olfactory nerve

Back 19

neuronal axons pass through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

Front 20

Nasopharynx

Back 20

- lined with respiratory epithelium
- posseses mucous and serous glands int eh lamina propria beneath the respiratory epithelium
- abundance of lymphoid tissue

Front 21

Larynx

Back 21

- Box of cartilage connecting the pharynx to the trachea
- Hyaline: thyroid, cricoid, and most arytenoids
- Elastic: Epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, and tip of arytenoid

Front 22

Epiglottis of the larynx

Back 22

- projects from anterior rim of larynx at the posterior end of the tongue
- mostly covered by strateified squamous epithelium
- mixed mucous and serous glands
- during swallowing larynx elevates to close again epiglottis, protecting airway

Front 23

Vocal folds (true vocal cords)

Back 23

- Consist of skeletal muscle, and vocal ligament, covered by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
- below vocal cords, lining epithelium changes back to respiratory epithelium

Front 24

How does the pitch of sounds effected by the vocal folds?

Back 24

contraction of laryngeal muscles changes the size of the opening between vocal cords

Front 25

Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

Back 25

- superior to vocal cords
- loose CT containing glands, lymphoid aggregations and fat cells
- covered by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory)

Front 26

Trachea

Back 26

- lumen defined by a column of 15- 20 C shaped cartilage rings in the lamin propria, lined with respiratory epithelium
- open end of the C is posterior to accommodate esophageal expansion

Front 27

What contracts in the trachea when you cough?

Back 27

fibroelastic ligament and smooth muscle bundle that bridge the trachea

Front 28

What helps the ciliary motility in the trachea?

Back 28

serous glands int ehlamina propria-->watery secretion to decrease viscosity of mucus

Front 29

How does smoking effect the trachea?

Back 29

- loss of cilia
-basal cell hyperplasia
- goblet cell hyperplasia
-sub epithelial inflammatory cell infiltration
- altered gene expression

Front 30

Broncheal tree

Back 30

- two primary bronchi
-enter the lung at the hilum then branch
- continue to branch down-->bronchioles (one for each bronchiole)-->5-7 terminal bronchioles
- lobules are pyramidal, with apex towards the hilum, less delineated with age

Front 31

Bronchi

Back 31

-9-12 dichotomous branching
- cartilage forms irregular plates
- spiral smooth muscles in lamina propria, more extensive distally
- lymphocyte infiltration in lamina propria

Front 32

Bronchioles

Back 32

- Epithelium varies from ciliated columnar with goblet cells to ciliated columnar or cuboidal in small ones
- Lamina propria: smooth muscle and elastic fibers (NO CARTILAGE)
- lacks glands in submucosa

Front 33

Distinguishing features of primary bronchiole?

Back 33

Ciliated columnar or cuboidal epithelium
- NO glands or cartilage
- few goblet cells

Front 34

Terminal bronchioles

Back 34

- Cuboidal cells, no goblet, no glands, no cartilage
- Neuroepithelial bodies serve as chemoreceptors and have cholinergic nerve endings
- Clara cells have no cilia have secretory granules, are anti inflammatory proteins, metabolism of airborne toxins by cytochrome P-450 enzymes present in the SER

Front 35

Clara cells

Back 35

- no cilia
-secretory granules
-anti-inflammatory proteins
- metabolism of airborne toxins by cytochrome P-450 enzymes present in the SER

Front 36

Neuroepithelial bodies

Back 36

-80-100 cells
- cholinergic nerve endings
- chemoreceptors

Front 37

Respiratory portion of the Respiratory System

Back 37

- Where exchange of gases takes place across respiratory membrane
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Includes:
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts (sacs)
alveoli

Front 38

Respiratory Bronchioles

Back 38

- Mucosa interrupted by alveolar extensions
- beginning of gas exchange
- ciliated cuboidal + clara cells
- alveolar sacs lined with squamous cells
- smooth muscle and elastic fibers in LP

Front 39

Alveolar ducts

Back 39

- the tube wall is composed entirely of alveoli
- alveoli lined with squamous epithelium
- network of smooth muscles
- matrix of elastic and reticular fibers
- end into the interalveolar atria

Front 40

Alveoli

Back 40

- bud off the walls of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
- interalveolar septum has two layers of squamous epithelium sandwiching blood vessels, nerves, elastic and reticular fibrous network and connective tissue cells

Front 41

Inter Alveolar Septum

Back 41

- Richest capillary network in body
- Elastic and reticular fibers provide structural support
- leukocytes and macrophages may be found
- Blood-air barrier

Front 42

What is the blood-air barrier?

Back 42

- squamous cell (alveolar lining)
- fused basal laminae
- endothelial cell (capillary lining)

Front 43

What are the two types of lung disease that affect the inter alveolar septum?

Back 43

- obstructive: narrowing of airway, difficult EXPIRATION
- restrictive: loss of elasticity, lack of expansion, difficult INSPIRATION

Front 44

Alveolar cells Type I

Back 44

- Squamous alveolar cells
- mostly organelle free cytoplasm
- desmosomes and occluding junctions--sealing the alveolar space away from tissue fluids
- pinocytotic vesicles

Front 45

Alveolar cells Type II

Back 45

- not for gas exchange
- Much larger then Type II
- found in pairs or threesomes usually in alvoelar corners
- dispersed among and tightly attached to Type I cells
- secreted as surfactant (reduces surface tension of alveoli to prevent their collapse under external pressure)
- responsible for regeneration of both its own population and that of type I cells

Front 46

Pulmonary surfactant function

Back 46

- air bubbles in water tend to contract to the smallest possible size due to surface tension at air/water interface
- Decreasing surface tension prevents collapse of the alveoli
- surfactant works at the air/water interface with its hydrophilic residues facing wet tissues and hydrophobic residues facing air

Front 47

Pulmonary surfactant

Back 47

- synthesized by type II alveolar cells-->lamellar bodies
- aqueous, proteinaceous hypophase covered with phospholipid film

Front 48

Lung Macrophages

Back 48

- dust cells
- within the septum, sometimes int eh alveolus

Front 49

Alveolar pores

Back 49

- equalize air pressure between alveoli
- in bronchiolar obstruction-->venues for collateral circulation

Front 50

Pulmonary vasculature

Back 50

- systemic (nutrient) and pulmonary (functional) vessels
- pulmonary artery branches accompany the pulmonary tree
- at the alveolar duct level-->extensive capillary network-->run within the septum for gas exchange
- nutrient vessels run with the bronchial tree down to the level of respiratory bronchioles