Respiratory Disease

Front 1

normal resp rates for dogs and cats?

Back 1

dogs - 10-30 rpm

cats - 20 - 30 rpm

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apnoea

Back 2

no breathing

Front 3

bradypnoea

Back 3

reduced respiratory rate

Front 4

dyspnoea

Back 4

difficult or laboured breathing

Front 5

eupnoea

Back 5

normal quiet breathing

Front 6

tachypnoea

Back 6

increased respiratory rate

Front 7

orthopnoea

Back 7

dyspnoea when in lateral recumbency; normally improves in sternal recumbency

Front 8

paradoxical respiration

Back 8

opposite of normal chest motion; the chest wall moves in on inspiration and out on expiration, in reverse of the normal movements

Front 9

causes of nasal discharge

Back 9

Rhinitis - viral, bacterial, aspergillosis

Nasopharyngeal polyps

Nasal foreign bodies
Dental disease
Trauma

Palatine deflects (cleft palate)
Neoplasia

Front 10

types of discharge

Back 10

serous - early infection or allergy

mucoid

mucopurulent - established infection

Haemorrhagic (epistaxis)

unilateral and bilateral

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Back 11

mucopurlent

Front 12

Back 12

Epistaxis

Front 13

clinical signs of respiratory disease

Back 13

sneezing
facial swelling
dyspnoea
snorting
facial rubbing
anorexia

Front 14

epistaxis can occur as a result of..

Back 14

trauma

tumour

persistent sneezing

coagulopathy (clotting defect)

severe infection

Front 15

epistaxis diagnostic tests..

Back 15

blood tests

radiography

bacteriology

endoscopy

nasal flush

nasal biopsy

Front 16

nursing care

Back 16

isolate and barrier nurse if infectious

monitor vital signs

keep patient clean

prevent excoriation around orifices with petroleum jelly

encourage to eat

humidify the air

Front 17

upper airway obstructions include..

Back 17

anaphylaxis

foreign body

laryngeal spasm/laryngeal paralysis

brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS)

Tracheal collapse

Front 18

anaphylaxis

Back 18

acute allergic reaction

urticaria

muscle in the upper airways causes a narrowing and oedema of the lining further obstructs the airway

condition worsens as breathing becomes more laboured

Front 19

foreign body

Back 19

larynx will normally shut

foreign body lodged in upper airways

acute oedema also occurs occluding the airway

Front 20

laryngeal spasm/paralysis

Back 20

common in cats as a result of attempted intubation

paralysis occurs in some large breed dogs - lead to a change in bark and secondary aspiration pneumonia

Front 21

brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS)

Back 21

small (stenotic) nares, long soft palate and narrowed trachea

if oxygen demand increases or any inflammation, respiratory distress may follow

surgery for nasal and palate problems but not the narrow trachea

Front 22

Back 22

tracheal collapse

flattening of tracheal rings

miniature breeds

dog may faint

coughing

Front 23

symptoms of upper airway obstructions..

Back 23

increased respiratory noise - Stertor (snoring)

increased inspiratory and expiratory effort

increased respiratory rate

increased heart rate

cyanosis of the MM

panic/distress

Front 24

upper airway obstruction, nursing support and treatment ..

Back 24

oxygen supplementation

reduce stress

intubate if unconscious

emergency tracheotomy

medication

monitor

Front 25

Feline asthma

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feline chronic bronchial disease

recurring respiratory compromise

airway constricts

excess mucus forms, airway walls become inflamed, swell and ulceration possible

airway muscle goes into spasm leading to constriction

Front 26

feline asthma symptoms

Back 26

cough

wheezing and dyspnoea

abdominal effort on expiration

mouth breathing

Front 27

feline asthma diagnosis

Back 27

auscultation

thoracic radiograghs

cytology on wash samples taken from the airway

haematology - eosinophilia is seen

Front 28

feline asthma treatment

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oxygen therapy

treat inflammation - corticosteroids , aerokat (inhaler)

bronchodilators

Front 29

feline upper respiratory disease (FURD)

Back 29

Feline herpes virsus type 1 (FHV-1)

Feline Calicivirus (FVC)

Bordetella bronchiseptica

chlamydophila felis

FHV-1 and FVC - 80% of cases

Front 30

FURD symptoms

Back 30

depends on causative organism

pyrexia

lethargy

purulent nasal discharge

serous/purulent ocular discharge

mouth ulceration - FVC

hypersalivation

poor grooming

anorexia

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Back 31

FURD

Front 32

FURD treatment

Back 32

antibotics for secondary infection

IVFT

cleaning away discharge

decongestants

nutritional support

warmth

isolation

Front 33

kennel cough and tracheitis (Dogs)

Back 33

bordetella bronchiseptica

parainfluenza virus

canine adenovirus types I and II

canine herpes virus

secondary bacterial infections will occur

Front 34

kennel cough and tracheitis symptoms

Back 34

harsh dry cough

well and eating

history of contact with dogs

heart disease needs to be ruled out

Front 35

kennel cough and tracheitis nursing care

Back 35

isolated

hospitalisation

increased respiratory rate, barking, agitation will increase irritation to the tracheal lining and increase a cough - keep animal calm and settled

Front 36

other causes of coughing

Back 36

congestive heart failure

bronchitis

collapsed trachea

Front 37

pleural effusions

Back 37

more common in cats

pleura produces a small amount of serous fluid

allow movement between lungs and thoracic wall

pleurisy; inflammation of the pleura and large volumes of fluid can be produced (effusion)

chylous

serous

purulent

Front 38

Back 38

pleural effusions

Front 39

pleural effusion symptoms

Back 39

pyrexia

dyspnoea

increased heart and resp rate

cyanosis of MM

cough

open mouth breathing

lethargy

Front 40

pleural effusion diagnosis

Back 40

auscultation - mufled sounds ventrally

radiography - lateral and d/v

blood haematology and biochemistry

FIP for cats also

thoracocentesis

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thoracocentesis preparation

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administer oxygen

IV access

intubation and ventilation

sedation?

administer analgesia

Front 42

thoracocentesis equipment

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clippers

surgical prep solution

local anaesthetic

sterile gloves

extension set and three way tap

20ml syringe

EDTA tube, two plain tubes and microscope slide

bowl/jug for collection

butterfly needle for cats and small dogs (20-22 gauge) over the needlecatheter for dogs (and cats) <10kg bodyweight 20-22 gauge, >10kg 18-20guage)

Front 43

thoracocentesis nursing care

Back 43

fluid drainage

oxygen supplementation

stress free

pain relief

Front 44

diaphragmatic rupture and pneumothorax

Back 44

traumatic origin - RTA

Violent compression of the abdomen results in the rupture ofthe diaphragm and the protrusion of abdominal organs in the thoracic cavity Restricts the lungs ability to expand
Tear in the diaphragm also effects respiration.

Front 45

pneumothorax

Back 45

air in the chest from ruptured lung prevents normal lung expansion

potential drainage

Front 46

diaphragmatic rupture and pneumothorax nursing care

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oxygen

rapid assessment

close monitoring

Front 47

thoracic drains

Back 47

air that has entered thorax to be removed during surgery

Front 48

medicial conditions that require thoracic drain

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pneumothorax

haemothorax

haemopneumothorax

pyothorax

hydrothorax

air and/or fluid will be removed with these conditions

Front 49

needle thoracentesis

Back 49

diagnostic - aid or confirm diagnosis

therapeutic - partial draining prove to be lifesaving in severely compromised animals

Front 50

needle thoracentesis equipment

Back 50

over the needle IV catheter - 14-22 FG

three way tap

large syringe 20, 35, 50 ml

Front 51

needle thoracentesis procedure

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restraint

prep area - 7th or 8th intercostal space

local anaesthesia

three way tap and syringe removes air/fluid

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Back 52

needle thoracentesis

Front 53

thoracic drains

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fenestrated

throchar to aid insertion

soft latex or silicone feeding tube can be used

Front 54

thoracic drain placement

Back 54

skin incision thoracic wall between ribs 9 and 12
drain is tunnelled sub-cutaneously so the internal open end is positioned between the 7th and 8th intercostalspace
advancedthrough the intercostal muscle into the thoracic cavity. The use of a trocharmakes this part easier. The trochar must be removed

drain must beclamped before the trochar or haemostats are removed to prevent aid rushinginto the chest

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Back 55

chinese finger trap suture

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Back 56

suction unit

positivepressure, removing fluid from the thoracic cavity. Most common type ofsuction unit is the underwater seal or air tap These are cumbersome and not idealfor cats and dogs The animal must besedated so there is little movement of the animal

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Back 57

Bulb’ drainscan be used to achieve continuous drainage without the attachment of the fluidtrap. Heimlich valves can also be used

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Back 58

Heimlich valves

Front 59

patient care with chest drains

Back 59

never left unattended

elizabethan collar, neck braces

sedation

With continuous drainage there is a demand for higherlevels of observation; the more tubes and devices connected the more likelysomething can go wrong
point ofinsertion of the chest drain should be kept covered, checked regularly andcleaned daily. Petroleum basedantibiotic ointment may be applied to the site of entry and covered with asterile dressing The wholechest should be lightly bandaged to help prevent slippage of the wound dressing

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Back 60

stretchy tubular bandage

lightweight body wrap

protects drain from patient and environment

bandage reduces chance of air tracking down into the chest