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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is Heart failure?

The heart no longer fills and ejects blood normally due to a structural or functional abnormality.

Why do some cases of heart disease have no clinical signs?

Because compensatory mechanisms make up for the short fallings of the ineffective heart action

What is congestive heart failure?

When compensatory mechanisms fail leading to a build up of fluid.

What are some examples of compensatory mechanisms?

High blood pressure, vasoconstriction, water retention, and increased heart rate and force.

Why is high blood pressure bad in heart failure?

It speeds up heart failure causing more vascular resistance, less filling of the atria's, and an increased o2 demand of heart muscle.

What are the signs of right sided heart failure?

Hepato or spleno megaly(swelling), distended jugular vein, ascites, plural effusion.

What are the signs of left sided heart failure?

Pulmonary oedema, and pleural effusion (in cats).

What is acquired heart disease?

Disease that develops with age.




Makes up 95% of canine cardiac disease.

What are some types of acquired heart disease?

Endocardosis, Endocarditis, DCM, or HCM

What is Endocardosis?

Also known as mitral valve disease or chronic valvular fibrosis.




Heart valves are chronically degenerated so blood back flows into atria.

When does endocardosis become apparent?

Can be from an early age

What are the clinical signs and treatments for endocardosis?

CS: murmur, LHS failure (dependent on valve).




TX: drain fluid, medical management

What is endocarditis?

Uncommon


Bacterial infection on valves causes lesions, leading to valves becoming ineffective. Blood back-flows into chamber (which depends on which valve affected).

What are the clinical signs and treatments for endocarditis?

CS: Anorexia, lethargy, joint inflammation, pyrexia, heart murmur.




TX: Aggressive antibiotics, treat symptoms. Prognosis guarded.

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

Dilation of the heart chambers.


Myocytes become fibrous and fatty.


Systolic function is reduced (weaker contractions)

What side of the heart does DCM usually affect?

Left side as usually left ventricle effected but can be both.

What is the cause of DCM?

Genetic or taurine deficiency in cats

Clinical signs of DCM?

CS: breathless, lethargy, cyanotic MM's (All due to low output) heart murmur, arrhythmias.

What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

The thickening of the muscle of the heart.


Most common in cats.


Prevents normal filling and poor diastolic (filling) function.


Can be asymptomatic.

What can HCM present as?

congestive heart failure

What are HCM patients at high risk of?

Aortic thromboembolism (Cot in caudal aorta)

Aortic thromboembolism

Paralysis of hind limbs


Painful


Cold hind limbs


Likely to reoccur

When would you drain fluid for heart disease?

In cases of ascites or pleural effusion.


Diuretics may also be used to encourage fluid loss.

Why are inotropes used in heart disease?

Sensitises the heart muscle to calcium causing stronger contractions.




CONTRAINDICATED IN HCM

Why are ACE inhibitors used in heart disease?

They reduce water and sodium retention.


Leads to vasodilation.

Why are vasodilators used in heart disease?

To reduce pressure on venous return to the heart, easing work of left ventricle.


Must be applied topically wearing gloves.

What is pericardial effusion?

The pericardial sac around the heart fills with fluid.

What causes pericardial effusion?

Trauma, neoplasia, infection, or idiopathic.

What are the CS and treatments for pericardial effusion?

CS: exercise intolerance, weak pulse, collapse, RHS failure (Thinner muscle, easily compressed).




TX: Pericardiocentesis (drainage), Pericardiectomy (cutting hole in pericardium)

What are some types of congenital heart disease?

Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Aortic or Pulmonary Stenosis, Tricuspid Valve dysplasia, Entricular septal defect, tetralogy of fallot, or vascular ring anomaly.

What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

There is a small vessel linking the aorta and the pulmonary artery that normally closes at birth. In these cases it has not closed so blood shunts from aorta to pulmonary artery increasing volume of blood going to the lungs.

What are the CS and treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

Stunted growth, exercise intolerance, coughing, dyspnoea, LHS heart failure. Requires an operation.

What is Aortic Stenosis?

Fibrosis of the lunar valve so that blood can't leave the left ventricle easily. Also happens with pulmonary valve.

What are the cS and treatment for Aortic stenosis?

CS: Left Sided heart failure


TX: medical management

How is pulmonary stenosis different to aortic stenosis?

Affects the pulmonary valve not the lunar valve.




Shows RHS failure


Can be treated with a balloon valvuloplasty

What is Tricuspid valve dysplasia?

A malformation of the valves so blood backflows into ventricles.

Where else can valve dysplasia occur?

the bicuspid valve

What are the clinical signs of Tricuspid valve dysplasia?

CS: Right sided Heart failure and medically managed.




LHS failure in bicuspid.



What is ventricular septal defect?

a hole in the heart.


Blood moves from the left ventricle to the right ventricle (down a pressure gradient)


The smaller the hole the worse it sounds


Signs of LHS failure

What is tetralogy of fallot?

very uncommon.


Poor prognosis


Combination of pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, and maligned aorta.

What is vascular ring anomaly?

Where a blood vessel grows across the oesophagus obstructing oesophageal flow and leading to regurgitation.

When does vascular ring anomaly first become apparent?

At weaning.

What is vascular ring anomaly a result of and how can it be fixed?

Fixed with surgery. A result of location rather than malformation.

What diagnostic tools can be used for congenital defects?

Clinical exam: Cough, mm colour, jugular vein.


Radiography


ECG or Echocardiogram


Blood tests (arterial blood gas).

In acute cases of heart disease what nursing care can be given?

Cage rest in a warm stress free environment. o2 therapy. diuretics. medical management. TPR.

In chronic cases of heart disease what nursing care can be given?

Restricting exercise, weight management, low salt prescription diet, medical management, owner support (end of life care, eduction, what to look out for, help with medication)