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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between a costotransverse and a costovertebral joint? |
Costotransverse is found between the tubercle of the rib and transverse process of the vertebrae The costovertebral joint is found between the head of the rib and the body of the vertebrae |
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What is the name of the joint between the xiphoid process and the body of the sternum? |
Xiphisternal |
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What form the intercostal nerves? |
The ventral primary rami |
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Where do the intercostal nerves receive communication from? |
The sympathetic trunk |
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Where does the shingles virus lie dormant? What causes the shingles virus? |
In the dorsal root ganglia. It is caused by the human herpevirus-3 (HHV-3) |
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What nerve innervates the diaphragm? |
The phrenic nerve |
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What are the two types of diaphragmatic hernias? |
Congenital and hiatus |
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What symptoms are associated hiatus hernias? |
Acid reflux |
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Which muscle opens (abducts) the vocal cords? |
The posterior crico-arytenoid muscle |
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Which muscle closes the vocal cord and where is this found in relation to the muscle that opens it? |
The anterior crico-thyroid muscle. Anterior |
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Which muscle joins the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage? |
The thyriohydoideus muscle |
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What does the cricothyroid muscle join? |
The thyroid cartilage and the tracheal cartilage |
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What lies anteriorly to the 2nd and 3rd tracheal cartilage? |
The thyroid isthmus |
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What other structure lies anteriorly to the trachea? |
The brachiocephalic vein |
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How many lobes does the right lung have? |
3 |
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What is the lung tissue and the visceral pleura supplied by? |
The bronchial arteries |
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What do the bronchial veins drain into? |
The azygos and hemizygos veins |
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What is the passage of the lymph in the right lung? |
1. Drain into the bronchopulmonary nodes at the hilum 2. Then into the tracheobronchial nodes in the mediastinum 3. Then drains into the right lymphatic duct |
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What is the passage of the lymph in the left lung? |
1. Drain into the bronchopulmonary nodes at the hilum 2. Then into the tracheobronchial nodes in the mediastinum 3. Then drains into the thoracic duct |
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What innervates the lungs and the visceral pleura? |
The sympathetic trunks and the vagus nerves |
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Where does innervation to the lungs and visceral pleura go via? |
The pulmonary plexi |
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What response does the autonomic innervation have on the bronchioles? |
Parasympathetic causes constriction Sympathetic causes dilation |
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What is pleura defined as?
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A mesothelial membrane |
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How can you identify the pulmonary bronchi? |
The wall of the vessel is much thicker than the artery and the vein |
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In relation do the pulmonary vein, artery and the bronchus sit to each other? |
The bronchi lie posteriorly to the veins The arteries lie superiorly veins |
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What is another name for the bifurcation of the lungs? |
The carina |
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What is the costophrenic angle? |
The angle between the thoracic cavity and the diaphragm |
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Where do the oblique fissures run from?
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3rd rib to 6th anterior costal cartilage |
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Where does the horizontal fissure run from? |
4th ribs in the midaxillary line (the oblique fissure) to the 4th costal cartilage at the sternum |
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What is the medical term for a nose bleed? |
Epistaxis |
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What causes nose bleeds? |
An arterial anastomosis at the site between the sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery and the superior labial branch of the facial artery |
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What is the lymph tissue around the pharynx known as? |
Waldeyer's ring |
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What lymph tissue forms Waldeyer's ring? |
adenoid, tubal, palatine and linguinal tonsil |
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Where does lymph from the pharynx drain? |
Into the retropharyngeal nodes and then into the deep cervical nodes |
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Where is the sensory innervation to the pharynx from? |
The glossopharyngeal nerve |
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Where is the motor innervation to the pharynx from? |
The vagus nerve |
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What are the main laryngeal cartilages? |
Thyroid Cricoid Arytenoid Epiglottis Cuneiforms Corniculates |
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What shape is the cricoid bone? |
Signet ring shaped |
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What forms the true and false vocal cords?
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True- vocal folds False - vestibular folds |
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What do the extrinsic muscles of the larynx do? |
Move the larynx as a whole |
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What muscles form the extrinsic muscles? |
The suprahyoid and infrahyoid group |
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What is the action of the suprahyoid muscles? |
Elevate the larynx |
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What is the action of the infrahyoid muscles? |
They depress the larynx |
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What do the intrinsic muscles do? |
They move parts of the larynx |
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Which muscles are categorised as intrinsic? |
Cricothyroid Posterior cricoarytenoids Lateral cricoarytenoids Thyroarytenoids Oblique and transverse arytenoids |
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What is the role of the thyroarytenoids? |
Relaxes the vocal ligament |
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What is the role of the oblique and transverse arytenoids? |
Adducts the arytenoid cartilage |
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Which nerve supplies all the intrinsic muscles apart from the cricothyroid? |
The recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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What else does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply? |
The mucosa below the vocal folds |
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What does the superior laryngeal nerve divide into? |
The external and the internal branch |
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What does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supply? |
The cricothyroid muscle |
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What does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supply? |
the mucosa above the vocal cords |
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What is the problem with the proximity of the recurrent laryngeal nerve to the thyroid? |
Damage to the nerve during surgery |
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What is the meaning of stertor? |
When the tongue obstructs the airway. This leads to heavy snoring or gasping. |
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What tube is used for intubation? |
A endotracheal tube |
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Where is the vallecula? |
The space between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis |
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How is the endotracheal tube inserted? |
Through the vocal cords into the trachea. A balloon is inflated to keep the tube in place |
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what is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxaemia? |
Hypoxia - low levels of oxygen delivered to tissues hypoxaemia - low levels of oxygen in the blood |
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Where is the apex of the lung? |
At the top of the lung |
