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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Natural and quasi experiments |
IV is naturally occurring Natural : IV is an event/experience Quasi: IV is a participant characteristic |
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Types of extraneous variables |
Situational : time of day, weather, lighting etc Participant: age gender intelligence |
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Demand characteristics |
Pps alter their behaviour due to figuring out what the research is about |
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Investigator effects |
Unintentional influence of researchers behaviour |
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How can demand characteristics or investigator effects be controlled? |
Double blind trial |
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Random sampling |
Hat picking ✅ - representative ❌ - difficult to achieve |
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Opportunity dampling |
Approaching and inviting those who are available ✅ - more convenient ❌ - unlikely to be representative |
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Volunteer sampling |
Advertising the study and providing contact details ✅ - more convenient ❌ - unlikely to be representative |
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Systematic sampling |
Devising a sampling frame and nominating every “nth” person ✅- likely to be representative ❌ - possible to be unrepresentative |
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Stratified sampling |
Identifying a strata and calculating proportions then randomly selecting this number ✅- representative ❌- difficult |
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Naturalistic observation |
Takes place in a natural environment |
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Controlled observation |
Takes place in an artificial environment |
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Overt observation |
Pps know they’re being watched |
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Covert observation |
Pps are unaware they are being watched |
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Non participant observation |
Researcher remains separate |
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Participant observation |
Researcher becomes part of the group |
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Event sampling |
Decide on a relevant behaviour Record every time this behaviour is shown Count the frequency |
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Time sampling |
Observer decides on a time interval Records which behaviour occurs at each interval |
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Questionnaires |
Written questions Predetermined Can be open or closed Can be given in person posted or emailed |
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Questionnaires avdvantages |
Less time consuming More honest answers |
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Questionnaires disadvantageous |
Response bias Less detailed |
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Interviews advantages |
More detailed compared to questionnaires Allows opportunity to clarify qs |
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Interview disadvantages |
Investigator effect Time consuming |
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Case studies |
Info gathered mainly qualitative but some can be quantitative Most tend to be longitudinal Some are retrospective |
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Case studies advantages |
Can research sensitive areas Useful starting point for further research |
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Case studies disadvantages |
Highly subjective Unrepresentative |
