Re Ii Ch.3 Needs Assessment

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Needs assessment are

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attempts at estimating deficiencies, ideally, the first step in responding to perceived needs, ie, first step in program development; decision aiding tools for resource allocation, program planning and development

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deficiencies

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unmet needs, gaps in services, or problems no previously recognized

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needs assessment also know as

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front-end analysis

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6 reasons for conducting needs assessments

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1) to explore extent of an ongoing problem w/ client population or community
2) prioritize needs for services and help with resource allocation
3) determine whether other interventions and resources to address problem exist
4) determine whether existing interventions are known to/acceptable to potential clients
5) determine if there are barriers preventing clients from accessing existing services
6) obtain info for tailoring program to specific target population

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Four types of need

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Normative, Felt, Expressed, Comparative

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Normative Need

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condition defined by an expert, normative estimates of need strongly affected by expertise/knowledge of expert, can be biased and nonrepresentative

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Felt Need

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perceptions of need as reported by clients, collected by surveying clients

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Expressed Need

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a demand for service (eg, clients on waiting list and those who have received service previously), this approach underestimates true level of need (since many clients will not be receiving services who could benefit)

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Comparative Need

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inferred measure determined by examining characteristics of those receiving services and then locating those characteristics in the population, this approach vulnerable to problems of nonrepresentativeness

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gap-based needs assessment approach

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gap between "what is" and "what should be"

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stakeholders

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all those who have an interest in a program

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Steps in needs assessment:

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1) Define parameters: purpose, level (statewide/community etc?), included stakeholders, budget/resources, time
2) Identify specific info needed
3) determine if info already exists
4) design methodology/instrumentation (if needed)
5) collect and analyze data
6) prepare report
7) disseminate preliminary results to stakeholders for feedback
8) formally disseminate

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secondary data

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existing information from census data, public documents and reports

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social indicators

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information available from various local, state, federal agencies that help gauge extent of social problems

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ecological fallacy

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misinterpretation of social indicators used to estimate health or social conditions of persons in certain geographic area

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impressionistic approaches

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-key-informant needs assessment
-public hearings and community forums
-nominal groups (groups that first works independently then together on common problem or question
-the delphi technique (use of questionnaire in rounds until consensus reached)
-focus groups
these have a subjective quality, not as accurate or scientific as large-scale community surveys, may not be representative

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surveys

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provide greater accuracy, more objective and scientific data--but require more planning and resources

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in order to assess accuracy of a survey one of two things needed

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either all members of the population are contacted or they had an equal opportunity to be contacted (random sample)

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convergent analysis

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using multiple sources of info and different assessment strategies

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community readiness model's 9 levels of readiness

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1) none
2) denial
3) vague awareness
4) preplanning
5) preparation
6) initiation
7) stabilization
8) confirmation/expansion
9) professionalization