Quizz

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Wilhelm Leibniz

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was a seventeenth-century German mathematician, philosopher and inventor, and he is recognized (with Isaac Newton) as the inventor of calculus. He developed a calculating machine that could perform all of the four basic arithmetic operations (i.e. addition, subtraction, multiplication and division), and he also invented the binary number system, which is used extensively in the computer field.

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Charles Babbage

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was a nineteenth-century scientist and inventor who did pioneering work on calculating machines. He invented the difference engine (a sophisticated calculator that could be used for the production of mathematical tables), and he also designed the analytic engine (the world’s first mechanical computer). The design of the analytic engine included a processor, a memory and a way to input information and output results.

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Lady Ada Lovelace

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was introduced into Babbage’s ideas on the analytic engine at a dinner party. She was fascinated and predicted that such a machine could be used to compose music, produce graphics as well as solve mathematical and scientific problems. She explained how the analytic engine could be programmed, and she wrote what is considered the first computer program

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George Boole

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was a nineteenth-century English mathematician who made important contributions to mathematics, probability theory and logic. Boole’s logic provides the foundation for digital computers.

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Claude Shannon

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was the first person to see the applicability of Boole’s logic to switching theory, and it is the foundation for all modern digital computers. Shannon as a twentieth-century American mathematician and engineer who showed that Boolean algebra could simplify the design of circuits and telephone routing switches and that it provided the perfect mathematical model for switching theory and for the subsequent design of digital circuits and computers.

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digital computer

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is based on binary digits, i.e. ‘0’ and ‘1’. Electronic circuits are used to represent binary numbers, with the state of an electrical switch (i.e. ‘on’ or ‘off’) representing a binary digit internally within a computer.

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An analog computer

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operates in a completely different way to a digital computer. The representation of data in an analog computer reflects the properties of the data that are being modelled. For example, data and numbers may be represented by physical quantities such as electric voltage in an analog computer, whereas a stream of binary digits represents them in a digital comput

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James Thompson (

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who was the brother of the physicist Lord Kelvin) did early foundational work on analog computation in the nineteenth century. He invented a wheel and disc integrator, which was used in mechanical analog devices, and he worked with Kelvin to construct a device to perform the integration of a product of two functions. Kelvin later described a general-purpose analog machine (he did not build it) for integrating linear differential equations of any order. He built a tide predicting analog computer that remained in use at the Port of Liverpool up to the 1960s.

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Vannevar Bush

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at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed the firstlarge-scale general-purpose mechanical analog computer. This machine was Bush’sdifferential analyser, and it was a mechanical analog computer designed to solve 6th-order differential equations by integration, using wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. This mechanization allowed integration and differential equation problems to be solved more rapid

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(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer),

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ENIAC

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A vacuum tube

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is a device that relies on the flow of an electric current through a vacuum. Vacuum tubes (thermionic valves)

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thermionic valves

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vacuum ibang tawag

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Transistors

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Second Generation:

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vacuum tube

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1st generation

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The transistor

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is a fundamental building block in modern electronic systems, and its invention revolutionized the field of electronics. It was smaller, cheaper and more reliable than the existing vacuum tubes. The transistor is a three-terminal, solid-state electronic device. It can control electric current or voltage between two of the terminals by applying an electric current or voltage to the third terminal. The three-terminal transistor enables an electric switch to be made which can be controlled by another electrical switch. Complicated logic circuits may be built up by cascading these switches (switches that control switches that control switches and so on).

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Microprocessor

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Fourth Generation:

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Integrated Circuits

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Third Generation:

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Apple Macintosh .

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was announced in a famous television commercial aired during the Super Bowl in 1984. It was quite different from the IBM PC in that it included a friendly and intuitive graphical user interface, and the machine was much easier to use than the standard IBM PC. The latter was a command-driven operating system that required its users to be familiar with the PC/DOS commands. However, the Apple Macintosh was more expensive than the IBM PC, and cost proved to be a decisive factor for consumers when purchasing a personal computer. The IBM PC and the various IBM-compatible computers remained dominant

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Computer System

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refers to a computer and all of the input, output, and storage devices that are connected to it.

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The motherboard

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is the main printed circuit board. It contains the buses, or electrical pathways, found in a computer. These buses allow data to travel between the various components that comprise a computer. A motherboard is also known as the system board, backplane, or main board.

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Random-access memory (RAM

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is the temporary storage for data and programs that are being accessed by the CPU. RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased when the computer is powered off. The more RAM in a computer, the more capacity the computer has to hold and process large programs and files, as well as enhance system performance.

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Read-only memory (ROM)

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chips are located on the motherboard. $___ chips containinstructions that the CPU can access directly. stores basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating system. ___ chips retain their contents even

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• Floppy drive • Hard drive • Optical drive • Flash drive • Solid-state drive

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The following are some of the types of storage devices:

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Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU):

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Performs the computer’s data processing functions

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System interconnection

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Some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O. A common example of system interconnection is by means of a system bus, consisting of a number of conducting wires to which all the other components attach.

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CPU

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Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions; often simply referred to as processor.