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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Name of the process by which behaviour of knowledge changes as a result of experience |
Learning |
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What animal did Pavlov perform experiments on |
Dogs |
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What is the difference between unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus |
Unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus that elicits reflexive response without learning A once neutral stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response once it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
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What is the difference between an unconditioned response and a conditioned response? |
Unconditioned response is a reflexive unlearned reaction to one unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response is the learned response that occurs the conditioned stimulus |
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Examples of a US , UR,CS,CR |
US: stimulant that without learning creates a UR Dog food (us) create a UR drooling CS : stimulant that create a CR response after conditioning Cr Ringing a bell with conditioning turns a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus and then creates aconditioned response |
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What is the propose neural mechanism for classical conditioning |
During conditioning weak synapses fire at the same time as related strong the synapses the simultaneous activity strengthens the connection in the weaker |
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What is the difference between acquisition and extinction in classical conditioning |
Acquisition is the initial phase of learning in which her response is established Extinction is the loss or weakening a conditioned response when I condition stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together |
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The recurrence of previously extinguished conditioned response is known as? |
Spontaneous recovery |
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What is the difference between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination |
Stimulus generalization is the process in which a response that originally occurred for a specific stimulus also occurs for a different though similar stimulus Discrimination occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to new Stanton is that maybe similar to the original stimulus
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Who is the little Albert. how is he related to the concept of conditioned emotional response |
They conditioned little Albert do you have a conditioned emotional response to seeing white rats |
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What is the evidence for evolutionary role in fear conditioning ?what is preparedness? |
How we are more afraid of snakes then butterflies but also more afraid of snakes then we are guns even though they are both dangerous |
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What is conditioned taste aversion |
The quiet dislike or disgust for a food or drink because it was paired with illness |
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Let’s two reasons why it’s easier to form this type of aversion (taste) then to develop an aversion to visual or auditory stimuli |
Stimuli in the brain make the food you have eight in that made you sick seem less rewarding Food is entering the body so we are more aware of its qualities in presence We’re not constantly exposed to different taste like we are with sound in sight Finish this one page 238-240 |
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What is evaluate conditioning and how is it related to political advertising |
Evaluative conditioning pairing as stimulus such as shape with either positive or negative stimulus. Subclinical attack ad will show the opponents party with angry or negative faces and the party you’re representing with positive smiling faces |
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What was Pavlovian conditioning |
Classical conditioning |
Classical conditioning |
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What is conditioned a drug tolerance |
Physiological responses preparing our body for the drugs start to occur prior to the intake of the drug |
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What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning |
Classical conditioning is when a neutral stimulus elicits response that was originally caused by another stimulus Operant conditioning is When behaviour is influenced by consequences |
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What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment |
Reinforcement is one of the event or or the falls response increases likelihood of that response occurring again Punishment is a process that decreases feature probability of a response or behaviour |
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Describe throndike’s experiment That led to his discovery of the law of effect |
Cat in a puzzle box |
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____ has occurred if a behaviour become some more likely to occur in the future because it removes or reduces another often adversive stimulus |
Negative reinforcement |
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What is the difference between avoidance learning and escape learning which type of learning occurred in Thordikes research |
Avoidance learning removes the possibility that a negative stimulus will occur while escape learning remove a negative stimulus that is already present |
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What is the difference between avoidance learning and escape learning which type of learning occurred in Thordikes research |
Avoidance learning removes the possibility that a negative stimulus will occur while asleep learning remove a negative stimulus that is already present |
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What is the difference between positive and negative punishment |
Positive punishment decrease the behaviour because followed by an unpleasant stimulus while negative punishment decreases a behaviour because it removes or diminish as a particular stimulus that the individual would like to have |
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What is the difference between avoidance learning and escape learning which type of learning occurred in Thordikes research |
Avoidance learning removes the possibility that a negative stimulus will occur while escape learning remove a negative stimulus that is already present |
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What is the difference between positive and negative punishment |
Positive punishment decrease the behaviour because followed by an unpleasant stimulus while negative punishment decreases a behaviour because it removes or diminish as a particular stimulus that the individual would like to have |
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If someone gives you a high-five after performing a behaviour is it more likely you will perform that behaviour again in the future which type of reinforcement has just occurred positive or negative? |
More likely, positive Reinforcement |
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What is the difference between avoidance learning and escape learning which type of learning occurred in Thordikes research |
Avoidance learning removes the possibility that a negative stimulus will occur while asleep learning remove a negative stimulus that is already present |
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What is the difference between positive and negative punishment |
Positive punishment decrease the behaviour because followed by an unpleasant stimulus while negative punishment decreases a behaviour because it removes or diminish as a particular stimulus that the individual would like to have |
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If someone gives you a high-five after performing a behaviour is it more likely you will perform that behaviour again in the future which type of reinforcement has just occurred positive or negative? |
More likely, positive Reinforcement |
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Is receiving $20 reward A primary or secondary reinforcer |
Secondary |
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What is discriminative stimulus |
A queue or event that indicates that a response, if made. will be reinforced |
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What Nero transmitter is most often linked with operant conditioningWhat are two ways that scientist studied ward devaluation |
Dopamine |
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How does extinction in classical conditioning differ from extinction in operant conditioning |
In operant conditioning extinction can also happen if the reward is devalued |
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What are two ways that scientist studied reward devaluation |
Gave rats two bars to press with different flavours if they pre-fed the routes with one of the flavours they would crave it less and plus the other bar. Given two bars one with regular taste one with the taste that made them illwhen given the choice again the rats chose the one that did not make them sick |
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What is shaping |
a procedure in which specific operant response is created by reinforcing successive approximations of that response |
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How is operant conditioning used in special needs classrooms |
Using props for each step in a behaviour followed by a verbal rewards as each step is completed |
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Why are behaviours that are reinforced using partial reinforcement schedule more difficult to extinguish and behaviours that are learn using a continuous reinforcement schedule |
It is not expected that the behaviour will be reinforced every time so when it is not reinforced this is not an immediate sign that the behaviour should stop |
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What’s the schedule of reinforcement Produces the most responses |
Variable ratio schedule |
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Which type of reinforcement schedule most resembles student study patterns |
Fixed interval schedule |
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What is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule |
When reinforcement occurs following first response occurring after a set amount of time passes |
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How do multi line slot machines use reinforcement to trick people into continuing to gamble despite losing money |
When people gamble using multiline slot machines they still paid for each line but since each line is going at once they often win one line making them feel like they’re winning even though they’re losing money |
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How is partial reinforcement affect related to superstitious behavior’s |
When reinforcement is not provided every time the organism focusses on the instances that were reinforced |
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What are five principles of punishment according to your textbook |
Severity, initial punishment level ,contiguity, consistency and Show alternatives |
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Describe Tolman’s experiment demonstrating the existence of latent learning |
Two different groups of rats we’re put in the same Maze One group was rewarded after every time they completed the maze and learned the maze quickly The other group is not rewarded for the first 10 times and did not show much learning and then were rewarded after 11 times and showed almost as much learning as the first group |
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Describe Tolman’s experiment demonstrating the existence of latent learning |
Two different groups of rats we’re put in the same Maze One group was rewarded after every time they completed the maze and learned the maze quickly The other group is not rewarded for the first 10 times and did not show much learning and then were rewarded after 11 times and showed almost as much learning as the first group |
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In SOR theories of learning what does the O stand for |
Stimulus organism response |
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Changes in behaviour that results from watching others are known as _____learning |
Observational |
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What control process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory |
Attention |
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What is change blindness |
When the difference between two images cannot be determined because the sensory memory of the previous photograph disappears before the next Image is shown |
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How long to short term memory last |
Less than a minute |
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What is the capacity of short-term memory what trick can you use to increase the amount of information in short-term memory |
Seven items. Chunking |
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Four processes supporting observational learning are attention and the ability to perform the behaviour. What 2 are missing |
Memory and motivation |
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What is the difference between a memory store and control process |
Memory stores retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose well control process of store information from one memory store to another |
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What is the mirror neuron system |
Groups of neurons that become active when the organism performs an action and when the organism observes another organism perform the action |
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What happened in the Bobo doll experiment how does this relate to the hot sauce Experment discussed in class |
Bobo doll children who had seen an adult be violent toward a doll or also violent towards the doll. Hot sauce man who would heard of misogynistic music from more likely to pour more hot sauce for women |
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What is the relationship between frequent exposure to violent media movies video games etc. and inhibitory processes in the frontal lobe |
Lead to decreased activity in the frontal and parietal areas which is what controls inhibition |
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What is the difference between a memory store and control process |
Memory stores retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose well control process of **** information from one memory store to another |
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What is the difference between iconic and echoic Sensory memory |
Iconic equals sight Echoic= auditory |
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How long does iconic sensory memory typically last |
500ms (mileseconds) |
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what did George Sperling’s experiment tell researchers about the size of sensory memory |
Sensory memory good whole a lot of information but only held it for a long enough for some of this information to be relayed |
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What is the difference between primacy effect and recency effect |
The primacy effectIs the tendency to remember the first few items on the list and the recency Affect is the tendency to remember the last few items on the list |
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What is the difference between proactive interference and retroactive interference |
Proactive interference is when the first information learned occupies more memory and leaves less room for other information and retroactive interference is when later information over shadows previous information |
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What is working memory |
A model of short term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily Store small amounts of information for a short period of time |
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What is working memory |
A model of short term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily Store small amounts of information for a short period of time |
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What is one piece of evidence supports the idea of a phonological loop |
Can rehearse information to keep in the memory for a small amount of time |
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How many times can we chunk is our visual spatial sketchpad |
4 |
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How many times can we chunk is our visual spatial sketchpad |
4 |
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What is one piece of evidence supporting the idea of episodic buffer |
We can remember more if we turn it into a coherent story |
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What is the difference between declarative a non-declarative memory |
Memories that we are aware of having facts that we know etc. |
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What is the name of the component of working memory that directs organizes the other components |
Central executive |
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What is the name of the component of working memory that directs organizes the other components what is the difference between semantic memory an episodic memory |
Central executive |
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What type of the Declarative memory was impaired in patient K.C |
Episodic memory |
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What is procedural memory |
A non-declarative memory involving previously performed patterns of muscle movements |
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In what area of the brain does long-term potentiation occur |
Cortex |
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Bob cannot form new memories but can access memories that were foreigners prior to his brain injury what type does amnesia does Bob have |
Anterograde amnesia |
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What is the difference between state dependent memory and mood dependent memory |
State dependent memory easier to remember things if you’re in the same state Mood dependent memory easier to remember things if you’re in the same mood |
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What is the difference between recall and recognition which is easier |
Recall =producing the information from nothing recognition= recognizing the information from a series of options Ask Boo about this |
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How does the amygdala influence memory |
Influences the activity of nearby regions in the temporal lobe is increasing the degree to which they fire together |
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What is weapon focus |
The tendency to focus on the weapon at the expense of peripheral information including the identity of a person holding a weapon |
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Why does deep encoding lead to better memory retrieval then shallow and encoding |
Because deep in coding is related to the deeper meaning of the information |
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Describe ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve |
Rate at which she would forget random syllables dropped very quickly and then even off |
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What are mnemonics? No the first type of mnemonic was the model of loci. Can you think of an example of a mnemonic? |
A Technique in tended to improve memory for specific information |
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What are scammers and how are they related to memory accuracy |
Organize clusters of memories that constitutes one’s knowledge about events objects and ideas |
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What is confabulation an under what circumstances is it likely to occur |
Confusing and event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you count to believe that you remember something that never happened Relying on potential he in accurate schemas and semantic networks to fill in the blanks |
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Can personal biases affect memory what is an example of this |
Yes. white man black man train five story thing |
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What is pyschogenic amnesia |
The causes of forgetting are psychological such as the need to escape feelings of embarrassment guilt shame and disappointment and emotional shock |
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What is the miss information effect |
When information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory of that event |
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What is imagination inflation |
The increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event |
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When participant study a list of highly related words and then incorrectly assumed that are related word was also part of that list they’re likely taking part in the _____\procedure |
DRM |
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What is recovered memory controversy |
Interviewers asking someone to imagine something had happened can plant false memories |
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What are mnemonics? knowthe first type of mnemonic was the model of loci. Can you think of an example of a mnemonic? |
A Technique in tended to improve memory for specific information like an acronym |
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What are schemas and how are they related to memory accuracy |
Organize clusters of memories that constitutes one’s knowledge about events objects and ideas |
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What are two types of cognitive obstacles |
Mental set . functional fixedness |
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Can personal biases affect memory what is an example of this |
Yes. white man black man train fight story thing |
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What is the difference between representativeness heuristic and the availability heuristic |
Representativeness heuristic-stereotypes Availability heuristic- judging the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to think of an example (9/11) |
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What is the anchoring affect how could you use it to save the money when buying a used car |
Get someone to think of a certain value and then move up from there |
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What is infant Amnesia |
People cannot remember events before three or four years old |
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What is belief perseverance |
What a person believes there item will hold on site even when faced with evidence of opposing it |
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Think of a real world example of confirmation bias |
Looking up the one study that says vaccines cause autism |
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How to problem solving differ if you were using an algorithm or a heuristic |
A problem solving using an algorithm uses a series of rules. Heuristic uses previous experiences |
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What is aphasia |
A language disorder caused by damage to the brain structure that supports using and understanding language |
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How is problem-solving related to humour |
Humour both models curiosity and playfulness while also teaching outside the box thinking |
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Where is the function of werinicke’s area? |
Region of the left temporal lobe associated with finding meaning of words |
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What is there it’s between phoneme and morpheme |
Phoneme is the most basic unit of speech. Morphemes Are the smallest units with meaningful language |
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Study of how people come to understand the meaning from words is known as |
Semantics |
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How are Orthographic and phonology related to dyslexia |
Cannot translate orthography into phonology |
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The rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences is known as |
Syntax |
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What is reconsolidation |
When the hippocampus functions to update strengthen or modify existing long-term memories based on new information |
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Using an exaggeration is an example of a non-linguistical elements of language also known as |
Pragmatics |
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What is fast mapping |
The ability to map words and concepts or object after a single exposure |
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The word runned is an example of |
Children learning irregular verbs and pluralization’s on a word by word basis |
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What is the approximate sensitive period of a language acquisition humans |
Seven years |
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Who typically shows better executive functioning unilingual or biling you’ll be able |
Bi lingual |
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What Jane has been linked to language function |
FOXP2 |
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What are two reasons to be cautious when reading about language abilities of chimpanzee research participants |
Personal attachment affecting data caps do not pass language on to other apps |
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Which form of rehearsal will lead to better memory maintenance rehearsal or elaborate rehearsal |
Elaborate rehearsal |
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Why does deep and coding lead to better memory retrieval then shallow and encoding |
Because deep in coding is related to the deeper meaning of the information |
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What is the self reference affect how can it be used to improve your test performance |
When information is related to the individual and coding it which leads it to being better remembered and recalled |
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What is the encoding specificity principal |
Memory retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding |
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What gene has been linked to language function |
FOXP2 |
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Why should we be cautious about claims that Returning someone to the same context as a memory was encoded will improve memory( see page 293) |
There are more answers in general not always the right answer. |
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Yerkes Dodson law |
Moderate amount of stress and emotion helps memory. Too much or too little emotions impairs memory. |
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Discriminative stimulus is what? |
Que or even that if made will be reinforced |
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