Psychopathology Exam 2

Front 1

What is the definition of Emotion?

Back 1

A state of arousal defined by subjective feeling states

Front 2

What is the definition of Mood?

Back 2

Mood is a pervasive and sustained emotional state

Front 3

What is a Mood Disorder?

Back 3

It is a profound, long term change in mood that has psychological, behavioral, social and societal causes and consequences

Front 4

What are the criterion for Major Depression?

Back 4

Either: Depressed mood (irritable in kids) or Diminished interest or pleasure in activities
And:
Weight/appetite changes, insomnia/hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation/retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness OR excessive guilt, trouble thinking/concentrating, recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts

Front 5

What is Anhedonia?

Back 5

It is the inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable

Front 6

Let's say that someone has all the symptoms for a disorder, but they just sustained a major head injury? (virus, medication, drugs, etc.)

Back 6

We cannot diagnose them with a psychopathological disorder

Front 7

What's the difference between dysthymia and depression?

Back 7

Dysthymia is continual low-level depressed mood for at least two years. Symptoms are the same as in depression with the exception of: feelings of hopelessness and low self-esteem.

Front 8

What is Double Depression?

Back 8

Double Depression is both MDD and dysthymia.

Front 9

What are the six specifiers of Uni/Bipolar disorders?

Back 9

Melancholic features, Atypical features, Catatonic features, Psychotic Features, Seasonal Patterns, and Postpartum Onset

Front 10

Define: Melancholic features

Back 10

Either loss of pleasure OR reactivity and (3):
Distinct quality, worse in morning, early morning awakening, psychomotor differences, weight loss, inappropriate/excessive guilt

Front 11

Define: Atypical Features

Back 11

Mood Reactivity (and 2):
Weight gain, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis, interpersonal rejection sensitivity

Front 12

Define: Catatonic Features

Back 12

(Need 2):
Motoric Immobility, Excessive motor activity, extreme negativity or mutism, peculiarities of movement, echolalia

Front 13

Define: Psychotic Features

Back 13

With mood congruent or incongruent delusions or hallucinations

Front 14

Define: Seasonal Patterns

Back 14

Regular Temporal Relationship in onset

Front 15

Define: Postpartum Onset

Back 15

Onset within 4 weeks after delivery of baby

Front 16

How common is Unipolar Depression in the US? Is it becoming more common?

Back 16

5-10% of US population experiences sever per year, 3-5% experience mild depression.
Yes, it is becoming more common.

Front 17

Who experiences depression more, men or women? Why?

Back 17

Women; hormones, rumination, emotion focused coping, interpersonal focus, chronic poverty

Front 18

Is depression constant across socioeconomic classes?

Back 18

Yes, it is.

Front 19

What is the diagnostic criterion for a Manic Episode?

Back 19

A distinct period of abnormally elevated mood (1 week) AND (3 or more):
Grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkative/pressure to keep talking, racing thoughts, distractibility, increased goal directed activity, involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences

Front 20

What is the difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II?

Back 20

Less mania AND a major depressive episode in Bipolar II

Front 21

What is a Hypomanic Episode?

Back 21

Shorter manic episode! Doesn't cause marked impairment, needs unequivocal change

Front 22

What is Cyclothymia?

Back 22

It's a chronic but less severe form of bipolar disorder

Front 23

How common are bipolar disorders? Who gets them more: men or women?

Back 23

1-1.5% of adults suffer from bipolar disorder.
They are equally common, but women are more likely to have more depressive episodes and rapid cycle more.

Front 24

What Causes Mood Disorders?

Back 24

STRESS! (especially the first episode)
Biology: Genetic factors
Biochemical: low serotonin and low/high norepinephrine (depression/mania), although lately there has been more interest in GABA and dopamine

Front 25

What is the significance of the L/L 5 HTT gene?

Back 25

If you have that gene, you are less likely to report depressed symptoms

Front 26

What is the significance of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis?

Back 26

People with MDD may have poorly regulated HPA systems

Front 27

How common are bipolar disorders? Who gets them more: men or women?

Back 27

1-1.5% of adults suffer from bipolar disorder.
They are equally common, but women are more likely to have more depressive episodes and rapid cycle more.

Front 28

What causes depression according to a cognitive perspective?

Back 28

Negative thinking and rumination

Front 29

What are some treatments?

Back 29

Biological: medication, ect, transcranial magnetic stimulation, light therapy

Front 30

What are the three kind of medications?

Back 30

SSRIs, tricyclics, and lithium

Front 31

What causes depression according to a cognitive perspective?

Back 31

Negative thinking and rumination

Front 32

What is the difference between fear and anxiety?

Back 32

Fear is an abrupt and aversive respponse to real threat or danger, whereas anxiety is a more diffuse response about impending real or imagined threat or danger

Front 33

Anxiety disorders must be:

Back 33

Out of proportion to actual, current danger, and cause clinically significant distress or significantly interfere with normal life

Front 34

What are the criterion for GAD?

Back 34

Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least six months AND (need 3):
restlessness/keyed up, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance.
ALSO does not occur during a mood disorder or psychotic disorder

Front 35

How about specific phobias?

Back 35

Marked by a persistent fear that is unreasonable cued by a specific object/situation, exposure to stimulus provokes an immediate anxiety response, person recognizes irrationality, phobic situation is avoided

Front 36

And Social Phobias?

Back 36

Persistent fear of social situations in which person is exposed to possible scrutiny, person believes they act in a way that humiliates them, exposure to situation provokes anxiety that the person realizes is unreasonable, situations are avoided

Front 37

What are the criterion for Panic Disorder?

Back 37

NEED 4:
accelerated heart rate, sweating, shaking, sensations of shortness of breath, feelings of choking, chest pain, nausea, dizziness/faint, depersonalization, fear of going crazy, fear of dying, numbness or tingling, chills or hot flashes

Front 38

What is Agoraphobia?

Back 38

It is anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult in which help may not be available in the event of a panic attack

Front 39

What is an obsession?

Back 39

It is a recurrent and persistent thought or impulse (intrusive and inappropriate) that the person tries to ignore or suppress

Front 40

What is a compulsion?

Back 40

It is a repetitive behavior that the person feels they must perform (according to rigid rules) in order to prevent or reduce distress. The person realizes the irrationality or their compulsions

Front 41

What are the criterion for PTSD?

Back 41

The person has been exposed to a traumatic event, the person has re-experiencing symptoms, the person exhibits avoidance/numbing, the person exhibits arousal symptoms

Front 42

What are the re-experiencing symptoms?

Back 42

(NEED 1)
Reccurent and intrusive recollections of the event, dreams about the event, acting as if the event were recurring, intense psychological distress at exposure cues, physiological reactivity on exposure to cues

Front 43

What are the avoidance/numbing symptoms?

Back 43

NEED 3:
Efforts to avoid thoughts/feelings associated with trauma, efforts to avoid activities that are associated, inability to recall important aspect, anhedonia, detachment, restricted range of affect, sense of a foreshortened future

Front 44

What are the arousal symptoms?

Back 44

NEED 2:
Difficulty with sleep, irritability, difficulty concentrating, hyper-vigilance, exaggerated startle response

Front 45

What happens if the symptoms are shorter than one month?

Back 45

Then we diagnose acute stress disorder!

Front 46

What is the behavioral etiology for general anxiety?

Back 46

Avoidance conditioning, modeling, prepared learning, diathesis needed, social skills (social phobia only)

Front 47

What parts of the brain are associated with panic, ocd, and ptsd?

Back 47

Panic -- locus coerulus
OCD -- Orbitofrontal Cortex, Caudate, Anterior Cingulate
PTSD -- Hippocampus

Front 48

What is the neurochemical etiology for general anxiety?

Back 48

Fear circuit, poor serotonin function, increased norepinephrine, poor gaba function

Genes?

Front 49

What are some psychological factors for general anxiety?

Back 49

Sustained negative beliefs, lack of control, attention to threat, and fear of fear

Front 50

What are the two "facing the fear" psychological treatments?

Back 50

Systematic desensitization and exposure therapy (for ptsd)

Front 51

What are the psychological treatments for Panic and Agoraphobia?

Back 51

Panic control therapy (relaxation, CBT, and exposure to internal cues that trigger panic)

Front 52

What are some treatments for OCD?

Back 52

Exposure and ritual prevention and Cognitive behavioral therapy

Front 53

What are some treatments for PTSD?

Back 53

Both are controversial: CISD and EMDR

Front 54

What are the Biological treatments for GAD, Panic, OCD, and PTSD?

Back 54

Antidepressants and benzodiazepines

Front 55

What is the last resort for OCD?

Back 55

Psychosurgery (cingulatomy)

Front 56

What is personality?

Back 56

It's a set of unique traits and behaviors that characterize an individual

Front 57

What is are the big five?

Back 57

Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Front 58

What are the criterion for a personality disorder?

Back 58

An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates (cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control), the pattern is inflexible and pervasive, clinical impairment, stable pattern, not better accounted for by another disorder

Front 59

What are the three personality clusters?

Back 59

Odd/Eccentric. Dramatic/Emotional, and Anxious/Fearful

Front 60

What are the three p.d.'s in the odd/eccentric cluster?

Back 60

Paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid

Front 61

What are the four p.d.'s in the dramatic/emotional cluster?

Back 61

Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic

Front 62

What are the three p.d.'s in the anxious/fearful cluster?

Back 62

Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive

Front 63

What does Ego-syntonic mean?

Back 63

It refers to behaviors, values, feelings that are in harmony with or acceptable to the needs and goals of the ego, or consistent with one's ideal self-image.

Front 64

What characterizes Paranoid PD?

Back 64

Personality traits involving extreme distrust and suspiciousness

Front 65

What characterizes Schizotypal?

Back 65

Eccentric behavior, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and acute discomfort with social relationships; hugely lacking in social skills

Front 66

What characterizes Schizoid?

Back 66

Detachment from social relationships (doesn't want them), restricted range of emotional expression

Front 67

What characterizes Antisocial?

Back 67

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and lack of remorse

Front 68

What characterizes Borderline?

Back 68

Between emotional extremes, abnormal interpersonal boundaries, self-destructive behavior that aims at attention seeking or manipulation

Front 69

What characterizes histrionic?

Back 69

Personality traits involving excessive, superficial emotionality and attention seeking

Front 70

What characterizes narcissistic?

Back 70

Personality traits involving extreme grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

Front 71

What characterizes avoidant?

Back 71

Avoids activities due to fear of criticsm, disapproval or rejection, restrained in relationships, reluctant to take personal risks, and views self as inept, unappealing, and inferior

Front 72

What characterizes dependent?

Back 72

Personality traits involving submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be cared for by others

Front 73

What characterizes Obessive-Compulsive?

Back 73

Personality traits involving preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control at the expense of spontaneity, flexibility, and enjoyment

Front 74

How do we treat personality disorders?

Back 74

Specific skills traing and DBT

Front 75

How do we treat personality disorders?

Back 75

Specific skills traing and DBT

Front 76

What is DBT?

Back 76

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy is when a therapist and an individual work towards improving one's life through improving skill sets

Front 77

What is DBT?

Back 77

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy is when a therapist and an individual work towards improving one's life through improving skill sets

Front 78

What is psychosis?

Back 78

A loss of contact with reality

Front 79

Is there a suicide risk associated with schizophrenia?

Back 79

Absolutely.

Front 80

What are the three groups of symptoms associated with schizophrenia?

Back 80

Positive, negative, and psychomotor

Front 81

What are some positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Back 81

Deulsions (controlled by others, persecution, reference, grandeur, and control), Disorderd thinking and speech, heightened perceptions, hallucinations, and inappropriate affect

Front 82

What are some negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Back 82

Poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of volition, social withdrawal

Front 83

What are some psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia?

Back 83

Catatonia, awkward movements, repeated grimaces, odd gestures

Front 84

What is schizophreniform disorder?

Back 84

An episode of the disorder (including prodromal, active, and residual phases) lasting at least 1 month but less than 6 months

Front 85

What are the five subtypes of schizophrenia?

Back 85

Disorganized, paranoid, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual

Front 86

What is schizoaffective disorder?

Back 86

During an interrupted period of illness there is either a MDE or ME, or mixed episode concurrent with symtpms that meet criteria for schizophrenia

Front 87

What is Delusional Disorder?

Back 87

Nonbizarre delusions of at least 1 month's duration -- hallucinations are typically not present.

Front 88

What are the six types of delusions?

Back 88

Erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic, and mixed

Front 89

What are some causes of schizophrenia?

Back 89

Genetics? Too much dopamine? Abnormal brain structure? Family dysfunctioning?

Front 90

What are medications for schizophrenia?

Back 90

Typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs

Front 91

What kinds of psychotherapy are useful for schizophrenia?

Back 91

Insight therapy, family therapy, social therapy,

Front 92

What are some benefits to community care?

Back 92

Coordinated services, available short-term and partial hospitalization, supervised residences, occupational training

Front 93

Why has community treatment failed?

Back 93

People dont get the appropriate community mental health services, poor coordination of services, and a shortage of resources