Psychology-The Real Chapter 3

Front 1

personality

Back 1

refers to a distin ctive pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual over time

Front 2

traits

Back 2

characteristics that are assumed to describe the person across many situations

Front 3

cardinal traits

Back 3

indivdual characteristics that make each of them unique

Front 4

secondary traits

Back 4

more changeable aspects of personality. ex. preferences, habits, casual opinions, and the like

Front 5

factor analysis

Back 5

procedure that identifies clusters of correlated items that seem to be measuring some common, underlying factor

Front 6

face traits

Back 6

visible in a person's words or deeds

Front 7

source traits

Back 7

the underlying sources of surface qualities

Front 8

introversion versus extroversion

Back 8

describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy

Front 9

neuroticism

Back 9

emotion instability. includes such traits as anxiety and an inability to control impulses

Front 10

agreeableness

Back 10

describe the extent to which people are good-natured or irritable, gentle or head-strong, cooperative or abrasive. etc

Front 11

conscientiousness

Back 11

describes the degress to which people are responsible or undependable, persevering or likely to quit

Front 12

Openness to experience

Back 12

imagination, describes the extent to which people are original, imaginative, questioning, artistic, and capable of creative thinking

Front 13

temperaments

Back 13

relatively stable characteristic styles of respinding to the environment that appear in infancy or early childhood

Front 14

genes

Back 14

the basic units of heredity made of DNA

Front 15

behavioral geneticists

Back 15

concerned with the genetic bases of ability and personality

Front 16

heritability

Back 16

gives us a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variation in a particular trait that is attributable to genetic variation among individual within a group.

Front 17

identical twins

Back 17

monozygotic. develop when a fertilized egg divides into two parts that become seperate embryos.

Front 18

fraternal twins

Back 18

dizygotic. two eggs released in the woman's ovaries instead of one

Front 19

behaviorism

Back 19

observation and direct measuremtent of behavior and acts and events taking place in the environment

Front 20

operant conditioning

Back 20

the consequences of any act powerfully affect the probability that the act will occur again (coluntary)

Front 21

reinforcers

Back 21

pleasant consequence

Front 22

locus of control

Back 22

refers to people's beliefs about whether the results of their actions are under their own control

Front 23

internal locus of control

Back 23

believe that they are responsible for what happens to them (in control of their own destiny)

Front 24

external locus of control

Back 24

believe that they are vistioms of luck, fate, or other people

Front 25

culture

Back 25

program of shared rules thta govern the behavior of members of a community or society; set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most membebrs of that community

Front 26

individualist cultures

Back 26

the "Self" is often defined as a collection of personality, independence

Front 27

collectivist cultures

Back 27

group harmony trakes over the wishes of the individual, and the "self" is defined in the context of relationships and the larger community

Front 28

monochronic cultures

Back 28

time is organized into linear segiments in which people do one thing "at a time"

Front 29

polychronic cultures

Back 29

time is organized along parallel lines and many things are done at one time

Front 30

psychodynamic

Back 30

emphasizes the movement of psychological energy within the person, in the form of attachments, conflicts, and motivations

Front 31

intrapsychic

Back 31

the movement of psychich forces within the mind

Front 32

iD

Back 32

present at birth, expresses sexual and aggressive instincts, follows the pleasure principle; unconsious

Front 33

Ego

Back 33

mediates between desires of the id and demand of the superego, follows the reality principle; partly consious

Front 34

superego

Back 34

represents conscience and the rules of society, follows internalized moral standards; mostly unconscious

Front 35

defense mechanisms

Back 35

weapons ego uses to relieve tension

Front 36

psychic reality

Back 36

focus on fantasies and symbolic meanings of events as the unconscious mind percieves them

Front 37

free association

Back 37

talking about anything that pops into your head

Front 38

libido

Back 38

psychic energy

Front 39

repression

Back 39

occurs when threatening idea, memory or emotion is blocked from consciousness

Front 40

projection

Back 40

occurs when a person's own unacceptable or threatening feeling are repressed and then atributed to someone else

Front 41

displacement

Back 41

occurs when people direct their emotions toward things, animals, or other people that are not the real object of their feelings

Front 42

reaction formation

Back 42

occurs when a feeling that produces unconsious anxiety is transformed into its opposite in consiousness

Front 43

oral stage

Back 43

makes first year of life, nourishment through mouths

Front 44

anal stage

Back 44

age 2 to 3, start of ego development, child becomes aware of the self and of the demands of reality

Front 45

the phallic or (Oedipal) stage

Back 45

roughly from 3 to age 6, sexual sensation

Front 46

letency stage

Back 46

phallic stage until puberty

Front 47

genital stage

Back 47

begins at pubery and marks the beginning of mature adult sexuality