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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Sensation |
Input of the physical world processed by sense receptors. |
5 senses |
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Perception |
Interpreting that information gained from the sensory receptors. |
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Difference between sensation and perception |
Sensation - detection of a stimulus Perception - interpreting what that means |
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Binocular Depth Cues |
Uses 2 eyes Retinal Disparity - difference between the view of the left and right eye allows the brain to have info about depth + distance Convergence - when eyes go inwards especially when an object is near. Muscles work harder = know info about distance + depth
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Monocular Depth Cues |
Height in Plane - objects on a higher level appear to be smaller Occlusion - if an object covers another, it appears closer Relative size - smaller objects seem to be far away Linear perspective - parallel lines appear closer as they become more distant |
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Ponzo Illusion |
Misinterpreted Depth cue Perceives the horizontal line as longer but are actually the same size |
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Müller-Lyer illusion |
Misinterpreted Depth cue Two vertical lines are same length Line with outward fins seems longer |
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Rubin’s Vase |
Ambiguous figure (a drawing that could be interpreted more than one way) Face + Vase, brain alternates between the two |
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Ames Room |
Misinterpreted Depth cue Room shape : trapezoid People seem as different size (reality is that they are the same) |
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Gibson’s Direct Theory |
The environment gives us all the info we need Perception isn’t based on past experiences, opposes Gregory’s constructivist theory of perception |
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Gibson’s Direct Theory: Evaluation |
+ Real World Meaning - has validity, research conducted on ww2 war pilots - can’t explain visual illusions - perception is thought as accurate but illusions trick the brain, theory is incomplete + support: role of nature - experiment with infants on a visual cliff, born with depth perception
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Gregory’s Constructivist Theory Of Perception |
We use past experiences to make sense of our surroundings Opposes Gibson’s theory Sensation and perception differ to one another |
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Gregory’s Theory |
Perception as a construction - brain uses current information to make guesses Inference - brain fills in gaps to make a conclusion on what it seen Visual Cues - occur because of incorrect conclusions from visual cues Past Experience - Role of nature - perception is based on experience. The more we learn, the more sophisticated our perception gets
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Gibson’s Direct Theory; |
Optic Flow Patterns - We know we are stationary while our surroundings have a ‘flow’ so we know we are moving. Gives info about speed + distance Motion Parallax - monocular Depth cue. When moving, surroundings which are closer seem to move faster, while surroundings that are further away, seem to move slower. Gives perceptual info about speed + distance The Influence of Nature - we are born with perception, not learned. |
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Gregory’s Constructivist Theory Of Perception |
We use past experiences to make sense of our surroundings Opposes Gibson’s theory Sensation and perception differ to one another |
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Gregory’s Theory |
Perception as a construction - brain uses current information to make guesses Inference - brain fills in gaps to make a conclusion on what it seen Visual Cues - occur because of incorrect conclusions from visual cues Past Experience - Role of nature - perception is based on experience. The more we learn, the more sophisticated our perception gets
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Gregory’s Theory: Evaluation |
Support from research in different cultures - people interpret visual cues differently, shows experiences do effect perception Visual illusions - artificial method, does not apply to real world |
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Factors Affecting Perception: Culture |
Aim: if different cultures perceive depth cues differently in a 2D image. Method: showed 20 drawings to black and white children, schooled and unschooled. Children were asked which were nearer, man, elephant, or antelope? Results: black and white schooled participants more likely to perceive depth cues than unschooled participants Conclusion: different cultures interpret depth cues differently, so have perceptual set
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Culture : Evaluation |
Cross-Cultural research: language affects the efficiency in conveying the instructions Problems with method: how it was presented on paper may have confused participants |
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Gibson’s Direct Theory; |
Optic Flow Patterns - We know we are stationary while our surroundings have a ‘flow’ so we know we are moving. Gives info about speed + distance Motion Parallax - monocular Depth cue. When moving, surroundings which are closer seem to move faster, while surroundings that are further away, seem to move slower. Gives perceptual info about speed + distance The Influence of Nature - we are born with perception, not learned. |
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Gregory’s Constructivist Theory Of Perception |
We use past experiences to make sense of our surroundings Opposes Gibson’s theory Sensation and perception differ to one another |
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Factors Affecting Perception: Emotion |
Tendency for our brain to notice things that excite us and block out things that would make us apprehensive Aim: if anxiety provoking things are noticed more than neutral things Method: participants are shown neutral and taboo words and were to say these words out loud. Emotional response is measured through GSR (galvanic skin response) Results: took longer to say taboo words, gave bigger change in GSR Conclusion: emotion affects perceptual set (in this scenario - perceptual defence |
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Gibson’s Direct Theory; |
Sufficient info for direct perception Sensation and. Perception is the same. The eyes can retain info without having to make inferences |
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Gibson’s Direct Theory; |
Optic Flow Patterns - We know we are stationary while our surroundings have a ‘flow’ so we know we are moving. Gives info about speed + distance Motion Parallax - monocular Depth cue. When moving, surroundings which are closer seem to move faster, while surroundings that are further away, seem to move slower. Gives perceptual info about speed + distance The Influence of Nature - we are born with perception, not learned. |
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Gibson’s Direct Theory: Evaluation |
+ Real World Meaning - has validity, research conducted on ww2 war pilots - can’t explain visual illusions - perception is thought as accurate but illusions trick the brain, theory is incomplete + support: role of nature - experiment with infants on a visual cliff, born with depth perception
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Gregory’s Constructivist Theory Of Perception |
We use past experiences to make sense of our surroundings Opposes Gibson’s theory Sensation and perception differ to one another |
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Gregory’s Theory |
Perception as a construction - brain uses current information to make guesses Inference - brain fills in gaps to make a conclusion on what it seen Visual Cues - occur because of incorrect conclusions from visual cues Past Experience - Role of nature - perception is based on experience. The more we learn, the more sophisticated our perception gets
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Gregory’s Theory: Evaluation |
Support from research in different cultures - people interpret visual cues differently, shows experiences do effect perception Visual illusions - artificial method, does not apply to real world |
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Factors Affecting Perception: Culture |
Aim: if different cultures perceive depth cues differently in a 2D image. Method: showed 20 drawings to black and white children, schooled and unschooled. Children were asked which were nearer, man, elephant, or antelope? Results: black and white schooled participants more likely to perceive depth cues than unschooled participants Conclusion: different cultures interpret depth cues differently, so have perceptual set
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Culture : Evaluation |
Cross-Cultural research: language affects the efficiency in conveying the instructions Problems with method: how it was presented on paper may have confused participants |
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Factors Affecting Perception: Emotion |
Tendency for our brain to notice things that excite us and block out things that would make us apprehensive Aim: if anxiety provoking things are noticed more than neutral things Method: participants are shown neutral and taboo words and were to say these words out loud. Emotional response is measured through GSR (galvanic skin response) Results: took longer to say taboo words, gave bigger change in GSR Conclusion: emotion affects perceptual set (in this scenario - perceptual defence |
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Factors Affecting Perception: Emotion: Evaluation |
+ Objective Measurement: GSR is efficient when measuring emotion - Embarrassment not defence |
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Factors Affecting Perception: Expectation |
Beliefs based on past experiences can affect how much we attend to things Aim: if an ambiguous figure is seen differently if context is changed Method: participants shown a sequence of letters or numbers with an ambiguous figure in the middle Results: people who saw letters = saw ‘B’, people who saw numbers = saw ‘13’ Conclusion: shows expectation is affected by the context the figure is presented |
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Gibson’s Direct Theory; |
Sufficient info for direct perception Sensation and. Perception is the same. The eyes can retain info without having to make inferences |
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Factors Affecting Perception: Expectation |
Beliefs based on past experiences can affect how much we attend to things Aim: if an ambiguous figure is seen differently if context is changed Method: participants shown a sequence of letters or numbers with an ambiguous figure in the middle Results: people who saw letters = saw ‘B’, people who saw numbers = saw ‘13’ Conclusion: shows expectation is affected by the context the figure is presented |
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Factors Affecting Perception: Expectation: Evaluation |
- Artificial Task: no validity, ambiguous figures are designed to trick our brains |
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