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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motivational story in the beginning of the book
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The story is about a young woman whose goal was to win a gold medal in the 1998 Olympics
• A skater with a goal- to win a gold medal in the Olympics. • To achieve this goal she divided her time • 70%skating and school 25% • she never took a day off • she skated when tired • took no vacations • even skated on Christmas • she skated with a sore throat, runny nose, flu, and chicken pox • She turned down her father’s offer of $50 for every day she did not skate • She had determinism • She was totally committed to her goal • The skater maintained persistence toward her goal |
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What is the Goal Gradient Hypothesis? Give examples.
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According to the goal-gradient hypothesis the tendency to strive toward or achieve a goal increases with proximity to that goal
Example: "buy 9 get the 10th free", reward club punch cards |
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What is the relationship between goal level and goal specificity? Give examples.
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A goal level is associated with goal difficulty, which refers to how hard it is to achieve a particular goal. Goal specificity refers to how precise a goal is (compared to how vague it is)
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Know the goal commitment: Negative Feedback Loops diagram
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Diagram
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What is meant by "goal commitment"? How does it relate to one’s persistence toward a goal (and eventual goal attainment)?
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Goal commitment is the process whereby a person becomes set to achieve a goal, it implies one’s willingness and persistent determination to put forth the time and effort needed to achieve that goal.
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What are operant thoughts? And Examples
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are conscious attempts to strategize or plan how to achieve a particular goal. Example: Strategies for getting that job you want
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Respondent thoughts?
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are "fantasies" about a goal that intrude into consciousness. Example: daydreaming
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As you progress toward a goal, what (hopefully) happens to the discrepancy between your current state and your goal?
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-comparison between current state and goal
-you satisfy psychological or physiological needs |
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what defines "success"?
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The accomplishment/achievement of a goal or a favorable or desired outcome
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What is Expected Utility Theory?
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is an expected return or anticipated value" attached to an action, choice or behavior discounted by the probabilities that a set of prospective outcomes will arise
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What is Prospective Theory?
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argues that people value gains and losses differently and as such will made their decisions accordingly
According to this theory a prospect or goal is appraised with a decision weight that determines its value or importance. This theory is an alternative to rational choice theory. |
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What is the difference between Expanded utility theory and prospect theory: example
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Differences:
1. the value of loss is greater than the psychological value of an identical gain 2. People prefer smaller gains that are highly likely over larger gains that are much less likely 3. Risks at very low probabilities are weighted heavily 4. Very low or very high probabilities are weighted as certainties people choose to win $6,000 over $3,000 and lose $3,ooo over $6,000 |
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Learn and understand "the Asian Disease Problem" by Kahneman and Tversky (1981) Describe it.
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This is an example of framing
Problem: the US is preparing for the outbreak of an unusual Asian disease which is expected to kill 600 people. Two alternative programs have been proposed Program A: If adopted 600 people will be saved (72%) Program B: If adopted there is 1/3 probability that 600 people will be saved 2/3 probability that no people will be saved Which program would I favor? Program A Reason: program B is too risky • Tversky and Kahneman found that the majority were not risk takers • The prospect of saving 200 lives with certainty was more promising than the probability of a one-in-three chance of saving 600 lives • The risky prospect B was of equal expected value as the first prospect A |
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What is cognitive map and example?
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A cognitive map is a mental image of the relationship among features in the environment and the goal
Example: Where is the clock? Where is the pencil sharpener? |
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What is cognitive scripts and example?
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A script is a highly detailed sequence of behavioral acts
Example: How to order food at McDonald’s |
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What is cognitive plan and example?
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A plan is a broad, more abstract series of anticipated behavioral acts necessary or achieving a goal
Example: What do you need to do in order to achieve your career goal? Have a plan |
