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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Differing aptitudes among boys
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Boys like large groups
individualists males find solutions Boys are more aggressive. |
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Differing aptitudes among girls;
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Girls are more intimate
Females use conversation |
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What is Downs Syndrome?
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chromosome 21
There is an extra chromosome and there are 47. Effects are impairment of cognitive ability and physical growth |
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Who was Jean Piaget and what did he study?
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What does a child experience? How do we develope?
Focus on COGNITION-- all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering. 1 Sensory Motor Stage: Babies. Perception and object Permanence ~Looking touching, mouthing and grasping |
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What was Piaget's second stage called?
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2 Preoperational: Egocentrism: Inability to take another's point of view.
~ Theory of Mind Realization that ppl have minds Begin to infer intentions Too young to perform mental operations. Conservation-- quantity remains the same despite change in shape |
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What is formal operational period?
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Begins around 11
Apply operations to abstract concepts and concrete objects ex. justice love free will Become adult thinkers Development still occurs, but just in degrees. Invision consequences rather than trial and error. |
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What is the second to last stage called in Piaget's model?
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Concrete Operational
-Master reversibility-- mentally undo actions and decentration -Decline in egocentrism -Can sort Carnations and flowers -Incline in conservation and hierarchial classification. |
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Give an example of Theory of Mind.
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Kid understanding that another kid may want to play with that same toy.
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Give an example of a Predictive test?
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IQ Test and college success
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What does content mean in regards to testing?
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Whether or not its testing what it's suppose to measure.
ie) driving test |
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Explicit means
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When you try to remember.
ie) what you eat for dinner last night. |
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Implicit means
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When you don't try to remember.
ie) You smell a certain sent and it reminds you of what your uncle did to you behind the shed. |
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Key criteria to measure intelligence
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Reliability
Validity |
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How are IQ tests bias?
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Only measure one type of intelligence-- analytical
-Wealthier people have more resources -Class bias |
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How has IQ testing been used in history?
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-Justify segregation
-Limit immigration -Find (remedial children) that needed help -Argument for sterilization |
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What does Priming mean?
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Setting you up to perceive something a certain way.
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What are some differences between a childs' mind of a 2-1/2 year old vrs. 3-yr old?
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2-1/2 Year old shown pepsi in a model room, unable to find in real room where as a 3-yr old can.
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Who was Kholberg and what did he study?
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Theory of Moral development
-Not interested in what is wrong or right, more interested in the process you go through. |
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Name the 6 stages of moral thinking that Kholberg came up with.
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1. Preconvention: Self interest dominates. Its all about me.
ex) Doing something to benefit yourself, cheat on a test, so YOU get a better grade. 2. Conventional Morality: Early adolescence. -Laws and rules dominate -Social Approval ex) Everyone else is doing it 3. Post Conventional Morality: Post Adolescence - Based on human rights, agreed upon rights. ex) Taking credit for someone else's work, worried about the needs of others |
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Who was Erikson and what did he study and what were the first two stages?
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Psycho Social Development
-1st stage: Are my needs met? Trust or mistrust 2nd: Can I learn to do things myself or will others always have to help me? -Toddlerhood (1-2) Autonomy vs shame and doubt |
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In Erickson's model, the question, "Am I competent or am I worthless" deals with
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4th Stage:Elementary School (6-puberty)
-Competence vs inferiority -Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks. |
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What is the 5th Stage in Erikson's model?
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Who am I and where am I going?
-Adolescence (teens-20's) -Identity vs confusion -Finding self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity; or they become confuse about who they are. |
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Am I capable of meaningful relationships or must I live in isolation from others?
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6th Stage
-Young adulthood -Intimacy vs Isolation |
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Will I produce something of value in my life?
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7th Stage
-Middle adulthood (40-60's) -Generatively vs stagnation |
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Have I lived a full life?
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Final 8th Stage
-Late adulthood 60's + -Integrity vs. Despair -when reflecting on life the older adult may feel successful or failure |
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What is menopause?
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The ending of menstruation which occurs in late 50s. Brings a lot of hormonal changes
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Can infants think? How do you know?
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Yes, the video showed that infants were able to react when they saw something that denied the truths that they had learned.
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In what stage does theory of mind occur?
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Preoperational Stage
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Rehearsal is?
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; Repetition either outloud or in your head of a certain subject. Helps make our short term memory long term memory. It also puts it back in the cycle of the working short term memory. You can in theory rehearse indefinitely.
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What is chunking?
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Putting things together so you can remember more things. 7+\- 2. FBI, phone numbers, etc
A good example is trying to remember FB-INB-CC-IAIB-M, tough to remember, but FBI-NBC-CIA-IBM is easy because they are all linked |
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What are the 3 kinds of memories?
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1. Episodic
2.Procedural 3. Semantic |
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What is Episodic memory?
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(declarative memory system-more vulnerable to forgetting) Dated recollections of personal. Episode of your life experiences. Ex: first kiss
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What is a Procedural memory?
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Nondeclarative memory system- doesn’t decline much over long retention intervals) Houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional memories. Ex: riding a bike, tying your shoes, typing, etc.
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What is a Semantic memory?
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(declarative memory system- more vulnerable to forgetting) General knowledge, stored undated. Ex: Lincoln gave Gettysburg Address
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What is short term memory?
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Stores unrehearsed information for around 20 seconds. Can hold 7 plus or minus different bits of information
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Two examples of an Explicit memory would be?
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-Semantic
-Episodic |
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What is Flashbulb?
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Very vivid memory. Recollection of a momentous event. Example- 9/11. Does not have to be a nationally big event just something big to us.
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What is Sensory memory?
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A memory with our senses which normally lasts about a quarter of a second
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What is an iconic memory?
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A visual memory ie) icon
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Name the Process of memory in order
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1.External Events
2. Sensory Memory 3. Attention Encoding 4. Short term memory 5. Encode 6. Long Term Memory 7. Retrival from LT to ST |
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The nature of false memories and how to create them.
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After subtle exposure to misinformation, many people misremember. As a memory fades with time, it is easier to inject misinformation. As we recount an experience, we fill our memory gaps with guesses and assumptions, even imagining nonexistent events can create false memories. Given time a mind in search of fact produces fiction.
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retroactive interference
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new info impairs the retention of previously learned information
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proactive interference.
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previously learned information impairs the the ability to create/remember new information
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the spacing effect:
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the more things are spread apart; the things easiest to remember are the ones furthest apart.
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Repression
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take memories and put them in unconscious, most common with rape and abused victims. prevent bad memories and protect them from a traumatic experience.
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Mnemonics;
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a way to enhance memory or remember something
ex) Disneyland (signs and colors in parking lot) |
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peg-word system
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Putting numbers to words and making associations.
The more absurd the better. 1 elephant 2 seal lion |
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What are the 3 forms of encoding?
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1 Acoustic
2 Visual/Structural Codes 3 Episodic |
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Acoustic encoding
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Represents information as sequences of sounds.
DOMINATE |
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ECVTBG being easier to remember than KRLDQS is an example of what type of encoding?
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Acoustic
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Name the 2 functions of Short term memory
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1. Represents the present
2. Makes it possible to think and solve problems |
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How much information can short term memory store?
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7 +/- 2 chunks
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How much information can Long term memory store?
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LTM is limitless
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The fact that you know that wrenches are tools and not pets is an example of what type of encoding?
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Semanitc
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Without conscious recall is an example of what?
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Implicit
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Declarative
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known facts
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Structural encoding
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Emphasizes physical structure, how words are printed, the length ect.
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What is the Bell Curve or normal Curve?
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A measurment of group scores not individuals, based on
-genetics -environment |
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What characterizes emotional intelligences?
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Capacity to control and identify and access emotions of yourself, others and groups.
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What did Goddard use IQ tests for?
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Identify mentally defective immigrants.
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What did Terman and Stern use IQ tests for?
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Used to find diamond in the rough "termites" kids scoring 140 or higher
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What is the intelligent Quotient?
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A child's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 10
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what is Spearman's G?
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General factor of intelligence needed to complete the test-Vision, motor, skill ect.
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MRI scans, mental construct, measuring IQ
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Physical
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Standardization Sample
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The uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a test.
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Reliability Coefficient
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On a scale of -1. . . 1 how reliable is it.
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Factor Analysis
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Correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables.
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Being born with 5 fingers .00 (almost no genetic influence)
Being tall your weight, .9 |
Heritability estimates ranged from 0 to 1.
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Divergent thinking
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The key to creativity, thinking that goes off in different directions, as J P Gulliford put it. In divergent thinking, one tries to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions.
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Self Interest
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PreCOnventional
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Rules, social influence
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Conventional
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Post Conventional
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Social Contracts, self agreed upon rights
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Stereotype threat
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Performing on a test based on how your stereotype predicts your going to perform
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Innate mental inferiority
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Galten:
Wanted to see which race was more intelligent. |
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When does Preoperational development take place?
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Early Childhood
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When does concrete operational development take place?
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Middle Childhood
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When does formal operational development take place?
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Adolescence through late adulthood
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When does the sensorimotor development occur?
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Infancy
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What is neural plasticity?
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When your brain makes up for other parts of the brain that are lacking or missing.
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The G factor?
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The general factor needed to take intelligence test
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Retrieval Cues
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Priming can trigger memory and retrieval helps you to choose the right memory because of previous associations made.
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Sensory Memories
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Very short, have to do with sense and stimuli (Ex. Writing name with glow stick, its really gone but our sensory info fills in the blanks.)
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State
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dependent memories-- way a memory is encoded is the best way to retrieve it
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Serial position effects
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Remember first and last things the best (ex. on a list or from a movie)
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Echoic Memory
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short term memory; Acoustic encoding
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Centration
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Tendency to focus on one feature of a problem neglecting other important aspects.
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Irreversibility: the inability to envision reversing an action is a part of what stage?
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Preoperational 2-7
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Children gain reversibility and decentration and can perform mental operations on tangible objects in what stage of development?
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Concrete Operational
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Not being able to remember your new cell phone number because your old number is called what?
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Proactive Interference
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Cognitive is?
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The process of "thoughts" knowlege
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Crystallized intelligence
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Ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving
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Concrete operational Thought
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Ability to perform operations based only on images of tangible objects and actual events
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Autism
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A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other's state of mind.
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Secure attachment
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If a child felt secure in an environment they were able to explore and then come back to parent, separation anxiety.
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Conventional Morality
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Thinking about social rules and laws and peers
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Theory of Mind
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Once understood that mind is private, they can lie. Understood in concrete operational.
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Conservation
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Quantity won't change when shape changes
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Chris Langan
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Economically lacking. Grew up Culturally impoverished.
- Thats why he quit at life |
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J Robert Oppenheimer
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Grew up with money.
-Had practical intelligence |
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Gardner Says you have
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Multiple Intelligences
1) Linguistic 2) Logical 3) Spatial IQ ONLY MEASURES THESE |
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According to levels of processing theory, what is the correct order of levels from most shallow to deepest?
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Structural, Phonemic, Semantic
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The explicit part of Clive Wearing's memory was damaged. What type of memory does that affect.
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Episodic
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Which process within the memory system do drugs most often disrupt?
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Transfer from ST to LT memory.
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True memories show activity in what part of the brain?
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In whatever part of the brain they were encoded.
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False memories show activity only in the?
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Hippocampus
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Object Permanence is a part of what stage?
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Seismometer
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Egocentrism, conservation around the ages of 2-7 are all a part of what stage?
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Preoperational
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What are two major skills mastered in concrete operational period?
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Conservation and centration
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Irreversibility is prevalent in what stage?
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Preoperational
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Even though Andy is in a hurry he decided not to speed down the road because it is against the law, Andy is most likely using
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Conventional Morality
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A student who decides not to cheat on an exam because everyone has the right to privacy is most likely using?
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Postconventional
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Annette Lareau discovered
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-Wealthier parents more involved in kids free time
-Wealthier parents reasoned with their children while porer ppl tended to be more commanding -Wealthier parents expected their children to talk back , defend their positions. |
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Kohlberg's stages of development relate mostly to what kind of development?
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Moral
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Piaget's stages of development relate to mostly what kind of development?
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Cognitive
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What are the key criteria for measurements of either physical or mental constructs?
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Validity and Reliabilty
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Arousal prepares us for? As arousal increases what happens to performance quality?
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Fight or Flight. Performance quality decreases.
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Why can Clive still play the piano?
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Because music are like motor skills for him. They are implicit, nondeclarative, without conscious recall.
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Anterograde Amnesia
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Loss of memory due to injury
ex) Clide |
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Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of memory for events prior to some injury.
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EX) Biking south mountain guy face planted woke up in hospital, did not know how he got there.
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Hippocampus
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Index for recalling memories
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Nature says what about intelligence?
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Analytical intelligence is roughly 50% heritable.
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Majority of the termites turned out how?
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Satisfactory = 60%
20% lawyers, engineers 20% Below average |
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What were the differences between the A;s and C's in the Termites?
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1 Came from upper/middle class
2 Had Books 3 Dad graduated from University |
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What were the C's considered in the TERMITES?
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-Squandered talent
-lacked in community around them that prepared them |
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The Psychometric Approach does what?
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Analyze test scores to describe the structure of intelligence.
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What are the 3 aspects to the Triarchial Theory?
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1. Internal Components
2. Relating internal world to external world 3. Selecting and Shaping new environments. |
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IQ is the most effective predictor of what?
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-School performance
-Job performance - Prison time |
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Gardner believes what?
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All humans possess multiple intelligences.
There exists different profiles of intelligence |
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Do 3 month yr old babies have a sense of how the world works?
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Yes, they know that a unsupported box should fall.
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- Pertaining to or resembling the gills of a fish and having reference to structures in the lateral neck.
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branchial
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She has a branchial cleft cyst
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Rio the sea lion being able to use exclusion to figure out which are numbers and which are letters is an example of which developmental stage?
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Formal operational Stage
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Reward and Punishment is an example of what stage of moral thinking?
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Preconventional
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If I speed because I am in the left lane, or I know Jesus loves me, because the bible tells me so is an example of what stage of moral thinking?
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Conventional Morality
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I did 70mph down the road cause laws don't make sense is an example of?
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Postconventional Morality
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How can you influence childrens moral reasoning?
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1 Discuss
2 Teach Empathy 3 Teach self discipline 4 Model |
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Which part of the brain deals with dilema. Monitors conflict, emotions
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PRe-Frontal Cortex
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